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Reparación del menisco

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a la lesión específica de su rodilla. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y solicitamos estudios de imagen si son necesarios para determinar cuál es el problema.

El menisco es un cojín blando de cartílago dentro de la rodilla que amortigua y estabiliza la articulación. Un menisco desgarrado puede provocar dolor, hinchazón, sensación de atrapamiento o bloqueo de la rodilla. La reparación meniscal consiste en coser el fragmento desgarrado para que pueda sanar, en lugar de extirparlo. Normalmente recomendamos esta operación cuando es poco probable que el desgarro se solucione por sí solo, cuando la rodilla se bloquea o queda atrapada, o cuando otros tratamientos como la fisioterapia no han producido mejoría suficiente. Algunos desgarros, especialmente los repentinos acompañados de lesión en un ligamento, se deben reparar lo antes posible. El objetivo de la reparación es conservar su cojín natural, aliviar el dolor y reducir el riesgo de desarrollar artritis por desgaste en el futuro.

Antes de la operación

Una vez que haya programado su operación, le proporcionaremos instrucciones claras a seguir en los días previos. Deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes del procedimiento. Pedimos que el ayuno dure siete horas en lugar de un tiempo menor para poder adelantar la operación si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Si toma medicamentos de forma regular, traiga una lista por escrito de todos los que utiliza, incluidos los anticoagulantes; así le indicaremos cuáles debe suspender y cuándo. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la intervención, ya que no podrá conducir el día de la operación. Use ropa holgada y cómoda que sea fácil de quitarse. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista; sin embargo, la mayoría de las personas no requieren nada de esto.

El día de la cirugía

El día de la operación, acude a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital. Allí se le registrará y se le preparará para el quirófano. Conocerá al anestesista, quien se encargará de su anestesia y del control del dolor. Esta intervención se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para controlar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. Posteriormente, será llevado al quirófano, donde se realizará la operación.

Una vez finalizada la operación, despertará en la sala de recuperación. Allí, las enfermeras le vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Cuando su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa el mismo día, según el tipo de intervención y cómo evolucione su recuperación.

Qué implica la operación

La reparación meniscal se realiza mediante cirugía artroscópica. El cirujano realiza dos o tres incisiones pequeñas, de aproximadamente 1 cm cada una, alrededor de la rodilla. A través de dichas incisiones se introduce una cámara delgada y pequeños instrumentos para visualizar y acceder al desgarro desde el interior de la articulación.

El objetivo es coser nuevamente el fragmento de cartílago desgarrado para que pueda cicatrizar. El cirujano coloca puntos de sutura a través del desgarro para unir sus bordes mientras se produce la curación. Dependiendo de la ubicación del desgarro, los puntos pueden atarse a través de una incisión adicional en el lateral de la rodilla, o introducirse por las incisiones artroscópicas y atarse en el interior de la articulación. En algunos casos, para desgarros situados cerca de la parte frontal del menisco, se utiliza una aguja que atraviesa el desgarro y el punto se ata fuera de la rodilla. El cirujano elegirá el método más adecuado para su caso.

Si al mismo tiempo se va a reconstruir algún ligamento, la reparación meniscal se realiza durante esa misma intervención. Cuando el desgarro se encuentra en una zona del menisco con escasa irrigación sanguínea, el cirujano puede añadir pequeñas medidas para favorecer la cicatrización, como lijar suavemente la superficie o introducir en el desgarro un coágulo elaborado con su propia sangre.

Las incisiones se cierran con puntos de sutura y se cubren con un apósito. Debe mantener dicho apósito durante unos 10 días, tal como se indica en la sección de recuperación.

Posteriormente, la rodilla quedará protegida mientras el desgarro cicatriza. Al principio, se le pedirá no doblar la rodilla más de 90 grados. La cantidad de carga que podrá soportar la pierna en las primeras fases dependerá del tipo de desgarro; el cirujano le dará instrucciones claras antes de que se vaya a casa.

Después de la operación

Al despertar, se encontrará en la sala de recuperación; las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su rodilla tendrá un vendaje, y su pierna podría estar sujeta para favorecer la cicatrización. Se le administrará analgésico antes de salir del quirófano, y las enfermeras podrán dárselo de nuevo si lo necesita. La mayoría de los pacientes, con ayuda, se ponen de pie y dan algunos pasos el mismo día; la capacidad de soportar peso con la pierna dependerá del tipo de lesión, tal como se describió anteriormente. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de llegar a casa. Su equipo médico le indicará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando venga a la consulta.

Recuperación

Los primeros días suelen ser los más difíciles. La rodilla le dolerá y estará hinchada; además, podría sentirse caliente al tacto. El descanso, el hielo y los analgésicos recetados le ayudarán a aliviar estos síntomas. La hinchazón disminuirá gradualmente durante las siguientes semanas.

Poco después de la cirugía, comenzará a realizar ejercicios suaves bajo la supervisión de su fisioterapeuta. Estos ejercicios tienen como objetivo mover la rodilla dentro de límites seguros y reactivar los músculos del muslo. Se le indicará cuánto peso puede soportar con la pierna; esa carga irá aumentando a medida que la lesión cicatriza. Al principio, tareas cotidianas como ducharse o moverse por casa requerirán cierta planificación, pero con el tiempo resultarán más fáciles.

Los puntos de sutura mantienen unida la zona lesionada mientras esta cicatriza; por ello, los movimientos y actividades permitidos por su equipo médico tienen como fin proteger esa reparación. Con el tiempo, irá recuperando la flexibilidad, la fuerza y el equilibrio de la rodilla. Una vez que su cirujano considere que la rodilla se mueve y cicatriza adecuadamente, podrá volver a conducir, trabajar y practicar deportes de forma gradual. La mayoría de las personas observan una mejora constante durante los primeros meses; muchas retoman sus actividades habituales mucho antes de cumplir un año.

La recuperación varía de una persona a otra. Su cronograma personal podría ser distinto; su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada etapa del proceso.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

En algunos casos, la reparación no se mantiene. La rotura puede volver a abrirse, y usted podría notar que regresa la sensación de bloqueo o atrapamiento, o que aparecen nuevo dolor e hinchazón en el mismo lugar que antes. Si esto ocurre, hágalo saber en su próxima consulta. Algunas reparaciones requieren una segunda operación para volver a corregir la rotura o para extirpar la parte dañada.

Las infecciones son poco frecuentes, pero graves. Esté atento a un dolor profundo y palpitante que no ceda con analgésicos comunes, a enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la herida, o a una rodilla que se sienta caliente y cada vez más dolorosa al moverla. También podría tener fiebre. Si nota cualquiera de estos síntomas, llame de inmediato a la clínica o acuda a urgencias si es fuera del horario de consulta. Una articulación infectada suele requerir una lavado quirúrgico y administración de antibióticos por vía intravenosa.

Los nervios alrededor de la rodilla se encuentran cerca del lugar donde se colocan los puntos de sutura. Durante la operación, un nervio puede irritarse o magullarse. Es posible que note entumecimiento, hormigueo o una zona de piel con sensación distinta; esto suele ocurrir en la cara interna de la rodilla en reparaciones internas y en la cara externa en reparaciones externas. La mayoría de estos síntomas desaparecen por sí solos, pero coméntele al cirujano en la revisión para que lo vigile.

En casos muy raros, puede producirse una reacción a los pequeños dispositivos utilizados para sujetar los puntos de sutura. Esto puede provocar hinchazón y sensibilidad dentro de la articulación, o una sensación de chasquidos o fricción. Dichos dispositivos también pueden rozar la superficie lisa del cartílago articular. Indique cualquier hinchazón persistente o nuevos ruidos procedentes de la rodilla en su próxima consulta.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas; si desea conocer los datos exactos, puede consultarla.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

La mayoría de las recuperaciones transcurren sin problemas, pero algunos síntomas requieren atención inmediata. Llámenos si tiene fiebre, si la herida se vuelve más roja o comienza a secretar líquido, o si el dolor empeora repentinamente. Acuda a urgencias si presenta hinchazón en la pantorrilla o dificultad para respirar, pues estos síntomas pueden indicar la presencia de un coágulo sanguíneo. Llámenos de inmediato si pierde la sensibilidad en la pierna o el pie, o si no puede mover la pierna. Fuera del horario laboral, diríjase al servicio de urgencias.


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