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Ruptura del tendón de Aquiles

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

Una ruptura del tendón de Aquiles suele anunciarse por sí sola. La mayoría de las personas describen un chasquido repentino en la parte posterior del tobillo, como si les hubieran dado una patada o un disparo en la pierna, aunque en realidad nada las haya tocado. Por lo general ocurre durante un movimiento de impulso, como un salto, un lanzamiento o una carrera, cuando el músculo de la pantorrilla trabaja intensamente mientras el tendón se estira.

La ruptura suele producirse en un punto concreto del tendón, a unos 5 o 6 cm por encima de donde se inserta en el hueso del talón. Esta zona recibe menos irrigación sanguínea que el resto del tendón, lo que ayuda a explicar por qué se rompe precisamente allí. Algunas personas notan dolor o rigidez en ese mismo lugar días o semanas antes, pero muchas no sienten nada fuera de lo normal hasta que el tendón se rompe.

Después de la lesión, es posible que note:

  • Un espacio vacío en el tendón, una zona blanda donde antes estaba el tendón
  • Menos fuerza al impulsarse con ese pie, por lo que puede verse obligado a usar los dedos del pie para compensar
  • El tobillo afectado queda más bajo o más “flácido” que el otro

Caminar, subir escaleras y levantarse de una silla requieren que el músculo de la pantorrilla y el tendón de Aquiles trabajen en conjunto; por eso estas actividades se vuelven notablemente más difíciles. Empujar un carrito de la compra, salir del coche o bajar del bordillo pueden resultar problemáticos.

Si ha transcurrido cierto tiempo desde la lesión, los síntomas pueden ser menos evidentes. El tobillo puede simplemente sentirse débil e inestable en lugar de dolorido; este es uno de los motivos por los cuales hasta el 25 % de las rupturas pasan desapercibidas. Por lo general, su cirujano podrá determinar lo ocurrido a partir de su relato y un examen físico; las pruebas de imagen solo son necesarias en algunos casos para confirmar la lesión o planificar el tratamiento.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El tendón de Aquiles es el cordón grueso que se puede palpar en la parte posterior del tobillo. Es el tendón más grande y fuerte del cuerpo, con una longitud de unos 12 a 15 cm. Une los dos músculos de la pantorrilla al hueso del talón; cada vez que esos músculos se contraen, el tendón tira para permitir que empujemos contra el suelo.

Imagíneselo como una cuerda a la que se le ha pedido que realice un trabajo muy grande. Debido a ese esfuerzo constante, ciertas zonas del tendón reciben menos irrigación sanguínea que otras. La zona situada a unos 5 o 6 cm por encima del hueso del talón es la que recibe menos sangre, y precisamente allí se producen la mayoría de las roturas. Con la edad, el aporte sanguíneo al tendón disminuye aún más; la “cuerda” se vuelve más rígida y menos elástica. Las pequeñas tensiones se acumulan más rápido de lo que el tendón puede repararlas, hasta que un movimiento brusco de empuje supera su capacidad de resistencia. Ese es el “chasquido” que usted sintió.

Cuando el tendón se rompe, sus dos extremos se separan y el cordón que antes unía la pantorrilla al talón deja de estar unido. Por eso el empuje resulta débil, por qué a veces se usan los dedos del pie para compensar y por qué el tobillo queda más bajo o más flácido que el otro lado. El cuerpo intentará cerrar esa brecha por sí solo, pero para ello es necesario mantener los extremos del tendón muy cerca el uno del otro; ahí es donde interviene el tratamiento.

Vale la pena saber que la recuperación es un proceso prolongado. La pantorrilla y el tobillo siguen adaptándose durante años tras la lesión; incluso dos años después, la mayoría de las personas no vuelven a sentir su pierna lesionada como la otra, independientemente del tratamiento aplicado. Además, el tendón suele quedar ligeramente más largo que antes, lo cual modifica el funcionamiento del tobillo. Conocer esto desde el principio le ayudará a evaluar su progreso con una perspectiva realista, en lugar de esperar demasiado demasiado pronto.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a la lesión específica que usted presenta. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En esa primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y solicitamos estudios de imagen únicamente cuando estos puedan modificar el plan de tratamiento. En el caso de una ruptura reciente, el diagnóstico suele quedar claro a partir del examen físico; por eso, a menudo no se requieren estudios de imagen, salvo que queramos descartar otras lesiones o planificar una intervención quirúrgica.

Dado que se trata de una lesión estructural y no de un desgaste progresivo, es posible que recomendemos un tratamiento de inmediato, en lugar de comenzar con un programa de ejercicios. Existen dos vías principales, y ambas se analizarán con usted. Una es el tratamiento no quirúrgico: los extremos del tendón se mantienen juntos mientras el cuerpo los repara, generalmente mediante el uso de una bota o un yeso; dentro de este programa, el paciente puede cargar peso sobre la pierna desde el inicio. La otra vía es la cirugía, en la cual los extremos desgarrados se suturan, a veces reforzándolos con una banda de material de soporte. Ambas opciones tienen el mismo objetivo: lograr un tendón que le permita volver a empujar con la pierna; a los doce meses, los resultados son similares para la mayoría de los pacientes, independientemente de la vía elegida.

La decisión se toma en conjunto y depende de usted. Su edad, su estado de salud general, el nivel de actividad que desea mantener y la facilidad con que los extremos del tendón pueden unirse determinan nuestras recomendaciones. La cirugía reduce la probabilidad de que el tendón se rompa de nuevo en comparación con el tratamiento no quirúrgico, aunque esto debe sopesarse frente a los riesgos inherentes a cualquier intervención quirúrgica. Si la ruptura ocurrió hace tiempo, o si la piel sobre el tendón presenta problemas, podríamos sugerir otras medidas para hacer posible la reparación y proteger la piel en proceso de cicatrización. Sea cual sea el camino elegido, un programa estructurado de rehabilitación con un fisioterapeuta forma parte del plan, pues es necesario recuperar la fuerza de la pantorrilla tras la curación del tendón.

Qué esperar

La recuperación tras una rotura del tendón de Aquiles lleva tiempo. La mayoría de las personas necesitan al menos 12 meses para recuperar la función completa, independientemente del tratamiento que reciban. Los futbolistas de élite suelen tardar un año en volver a participar en partidos a nivel óptimo. La pantorrilla y el tobillo siguen adaptándose durante años; incluso a los dos años, la mayoría de las personas aún no sienten el tobillo igual que el otro pie.

Algunos cambios pueden permanecer de forma permanente. El músculo de la pantorrilla puede seguir siendo más débil y cansarse con mayor facilidad; esto puede observarse hasta 7 años después de la lesión. El tendón reparado también pierde elasticidad respecto a su estado previo y tiende a alargarse ligeramente, lo que altera la forma en que el tobillo impulsa el movimiento. Con frecuencia, el cuerpo compensa esto sin que uno se dé cuenta, ya que otros músculos y articulaciones de la pierna asumen parte de esa función.

Las opciones de tratamiento determinan tanto los riesgos como el pronóstico. La cirugía reduce la probabilidad de que el tendón se vuelva a romper en comparación con el tratamiento no quirúrgico; además, las reparaciones mediante técnicas mínimamente invasivas no han presentado re-roturas tras al menos 24 meses. No obstante, la cirugía conlleva sus propios riesgos, principalmente problemas en la cicatriz y riesgo de infección en la zona posterior del tobillo. El tratamiento sin cirugía evita dichos riesgos, pero aumenta la probabilidad de una nueva rotura del tendón. Para muchas personas, los resultados a los doce meses son similares cualquiera que sea el enfoque elegido, siempre que se siga el programa de rehabilitación adecuadamente.

El momento en que se realiza el tratamiento también es importante. Someterse a cirugía dentro de las 48 horas posteriores a la lesión se asocia con menos complicaciones que esperar más de 72 horas. Incluso si han transcurrido más de 2 semanas desde la rotura, la reparación quirúrgica puede seguir siendo eficaz.

Un dato relevante: la presencia de un coágulo sanguíneo en la pierna durante el periodo en que se usa la bota o el yeso puede afectar el funcionamiento del tobillo hasta 3 años después; por ello, informe a su cirujano de inmediato si experimenta dolor o hinchazón en la pantorrilla.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Una rotura del tendón de Aquiles requiere atención inmediata; el momento en que se actúe es crucial. Solicite una evaluación por parte de un especialista dentro de los primeros días tras la lesión, ya que la cirugía realizada en las primeras 48 horas se asocia con menos complicaciones posteriores que si se espera más de 72 horas. Acuda a urgencias si experimentó el chasquido repentino descrito anteriormente y no puede empujar con ese pie, o si la pantorrilla se vuelve caliente, roja, hinchada y dolorosa; esto podría indicar una infección grave que requiere tratamiento el mismo día. El dolor o la hinchazón nuevos en la pantorrilla mientras lleva una férula o yeso también requieren evaluación urgente, pues un coágulo sanguíneo podría afectar el funcionamiento del tobillo en el futuro. Consulte a su médico de cabecera para obtener una derivación si observa una separación en el tendón, debilidad al empujar con el pie, o si el tobillo queda más bajo que el otro, incluso si la lesión ocurrió hace varias semanas.


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