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Fijación de fractura del olécrano (reconstrucción quirúrgica)

Updated Sep 2026

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a su lesión específica. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su codo y solicitamos estudios de imagen si es necesario. Esto nos permite determinar si el hueso fracturado en la zona del codo se ha desplazado de su posición original.

Si los fragmentos óseos apenas se han movido, con frecuencia se puede tratar la fractura sin cirugía, utilizando una férula y realizando radiografías de control para asegurarse de que no haya desplazamientos. Esta suele ser la primera opción que consideramos. La cirugía se recomienda cuando la fractura se ha desplazado lo suficiente como para no curarse por sí sola en una posición funcional. El objetivo de la operación es mantener los fragmentos en su posición normal mientras se unen, de modo que la superficie del codo permanezca lisa. Una superficie irregular puede provocar artritis por desgaste en la articulación con el tiempo. Mantener el hueso firmemente fijo también le permite comenzar a mover el codo de forma temprana, reduciendo así el riesgo de rigidez permanente. La mayoría de las personas que se someten a esta operación conservan los implantes en su lugar; solo el 3 % experimenta algún desplazamiento del implante posteriormente.

Antes de la operación

Una vez programada la cirugía, le daremos instrucciones claras que deberá seguir. Deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes del procedimiento. Pedimos siete horas en lugar de las seis habituales para poder adelantar su hora si el programa quirúrgico avanza antes de lo previsto. Algunos medicamentos pueden influir en la operación; por eso, traiga una lista por escrito de todos los fármacos que toma y nosotros le indicaremos cuáles debe suspender. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la intervención. Use ropa holgada y cómoda, cuyas mangas se puedan pasar fácilmente por encima del codo. Es posible que se soliciten estudios de imagen como radiografías, resonancia magnética o ecografía con antelación, a fin de planificar la operación. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista; sin embargo, la mayoría de los pacientes no requieren nada de esto.

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Posteriormente, conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia y el alivio del dolor. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para controlar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. A continuación, será llevado al quirófano, donde se lleva a cabo la intervención. Después, despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras le vigilarán mientras la anestesia va perdiendo efecto. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y cómo evolucione su recuperación.

Qué implica la operación

La operación se denomina reducción abierta y fijación interna. “Abierta” significa que el cirujano accede a la fractura mediante una incisión en la parte posterior del codo, justo sobre el punto de la fractura. “Reducción” implica volver a colocar los fragmentos fracturados en su posición normal, y “fijación interna” significa mantenerlos en esa posición mediante implantes metálicos mientras el hueso se une.

El cirujano elige el implante adecuado para su fractura, ya que no existe una sola técnica válida para todo tipo de fracturas. En el caso de una fractura sencilla en dos fragmentos, estos pueden sujetarse mediante un lazo de alambre que los mantiene unidos al mover el brazo, o mediante un tornillo colocado en el centro del hueso. Para fracturas con varios fragmentos o en huesos más blandos, suele emplearse una placa adaptada a la parte posterior del codo y fijada con pequeños tornillos. En algunos casos, se pueden utilizar fuertes puntos de sutura anclados al hueso en lugar de implantes metálicos. Sea cual sea el método empleado, el objetivo es el mismo: lograr una fijación sólida que permita comenzar a mover el codo en poco tiempo.

Una vez que los fragmentos quedan en su posición normal y el implante está bien fijado, el cirujano verifica que la superficie del codo sea lisa y que la articulación se mueva libremente. A continuación, se suturan nuevamente las capas de tejido, se cierran la piel con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un vendaje.

Después de la operación

Al despertar, su brazo descansará en un cabestrillo sencillo para mayor comodidad. Las enfermeras lo revisarán y le administrarán analgésicos si los necesita. Durante las primeras 24 horas después de volver a casa, debería haber alguien con usted. Su equipo le indicará si podrá regresar a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Puede moverse en cuanto se sienta estable; el cabestrillo se retira para lavarse y para realizar los ejercicios que su equipo le enseñe. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando vengamos a verlo. Comience a mover la mano y los dedos desde el primer día, ya que esto ayuda a reducir la hinchazón y a sentirse más cómodo.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, el codo le dolerá y se hinchará; la piel circundante podría presentar hematomas. Esto mejora gradualmente. Es útil mover la mano y los dedos desde el primer día; también ayuda apoyar el brazo sobre almohadas mientras está sentado o duerme. Al principio, tome los analgésicos recetados de forma regular, en lugar de esperar a que el dolor empeore.

En los primeros días, el brazo se mantiene en un cabestrillo sencillo para mayor comodidad. Se retira para lavarse y para realizar los ejercicios. La terapia de la mano postoperatoria la lleva a cabo Ruby Doolan en Extend Rehabilitation. Ruby le enseñará ejercicios para mantener el movimiento del codo mientras el hueso se une; además, confeccionará una férula si fuera necesario. Desde el inicio, deberá mover los dedos y la mano; posteriormente, se incorporará un movimiento suave del codo a medida que la fractura vaya sanando. Al principio, las tareas cotidianas requerirán cierta planificación: necesitará ayuda para comer, vestirse y cargar objetos hasta que el brazo recupere su estabilidad.

A medida que la hinchazón disminuye y recupera el movimiento, notará que los ejercicios resultan más fáciles. Cuando el cirujano considere que el hueso se ha unido adecuadamente, se retirará el cabestrillo definitivamente y podrá empezar a utilizar el brazo para tareas ligeras en casa. Levantar objetos pesados, practicar deportes y conducir se permitirán más adelante, una vez que su terapeuta y el cirujano confirmen que el codo es lo suficientemente fuerte. Si desea conducir, consulte nuestra guía sobre conducción tras una cirugía de miembro superior para conocer las normas aplicables.

Cada persona cicatriza a un ritmo distinto, por lo que su cronograma puede variar. Su cirujano y su terapeuta de mano le guiarán en cada consulta.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

El metal que fija el hueso a veces se desplaza de su posición original. Es posible que note un dolor agudo en la zona del codo, la aparición de un bulto bajo la piel donde antes no había nada, o que la piel se irrite o enrojezca en el lugar donde se encuentra el implante. Si experimenta algo así, llame a la clínica en lugar de esperar a su próxima cita.

Los alambres o implantes también pueden presionar la piel o atravesarla. Esto provoca dolor e irritación cutánea, y la herida puede abrirse en esa zona. Infórmenos de inmediato si observa esto, ya que podría ser necesario retirar el implante.

La infección es un riesgo en cualquier intervención quirúrgica. Esté atento a un dolor profundo y pulsátil que no ceda con analgésicos comunes, enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la herida, secreción de líquido o fiebre. Si nota alguno de estos síntomas, contacte a la clínica ese mismo día o acuda a urgencias si no puede comunicarse con nosotros.

Una infección también puede retrasar la unión del hueso. Si la cicatrización parece tardar mucho más de lo previsto, mencione este hecho en su próxima revisión.

El nervio que discurre detrás del codo puede irritarse, lo que genera hormigueo, sensación de pinchazos o entumecimiento en la parte externa del antebrazo y en el dedo meñique y anular. Comente cualquiera de estos síntomas en su revisión, o llame a la clínica si aparecen de repente.

Algunas personas notan una ligera dificultad para estirar completamente el codo, incluso cuando la fractura ha sanado bien. Otras desarrollan con el tiempo artritis por desgaste en la articulación, que se manifiesta como dolor, crujidos o sensación de fricción. Ambos casos merecen ser comentados en las revisiones posteriores para que el equipo los supervise.

También puede ocurrir que el hueso no se una, o que lo haga en una posición incorrecta. Si el codo sigue doliendo y presenta inestabilidad tras varias semanas de cicatrización, lo evaluaremos mediante radiografías.

Fumar aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones tras esta operación. Si fuma, hable con su médico de cabecera sobre cómo dejar el hábito antes de la cirugía.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas; si desea conocer los datos exactos, puede consultarla.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

La mayoría de los problemas aparecen en las primeras etapas, y preferimos que nos informen de ellos de inmediato. Llámenos si tiene fiebre, si la herida se vuelve más roja o comienza a supurar líquido, o si el dolor empeora repentinamente. Acuda a urgencias si presenta hinchazón en la pantorrilla, dificultad para respirar o dolor en el pecho. También llámenos si sus dedos o mano se entumecen, se sienten fríos o no puede mover el brazo. Si no logra contactarnos y algo le parece urgente, diríjase al servicio de urgencias más cercano.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Bony Anatomy

  • The elbow is a trocho-ginglymoid joint consisting of medial and lateral articulations that provide bony stability [3].
  • The trochlea articulates with the ulna within the greater sigmoid notch to form the ulnohumeral, hinged, or trochoid portion of the elbow joint [3].
  • The ulnohumeral articulation provides highly congruent anatomy through almost 180° of articular contact [3].
  • The greater sigmoid notch of the ulna contains a bare area devoid of cartilage [3].
  • The coronoid process has medial and lateral facets that buttress the trochlea anteriorly [3].
  • The sublime tubercle is located just distal and medial to the coronoid and serves as the attachment site for the anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament [3].
  • The medial epicondyle is larger and more posteriorly oriented than the lateral epicondyle [3].
  • The medial epicondyle forms the attachment site for the origins of the flexor pronator mass [3].
  • The capitellum and radial head form the radiocapitellar joint [3].
  • The radius is held in close approximation to the ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint by the annular ligament [3].
  • The lesser sigmoid notch is the area of the ulna that articulates with the margin of the radial head at the proximal radioulnar joint [3].
  • The radial head is a concave elliptical structure covered with articular cartilage along the radiocapitellar joint and approximately 270° of the articular margin [3].
  • The radial head articulates with both the capitellum and the lesser sigmoid notch [3].
  • The lateral epicondyle is the origin of the lateral extensor musculature [3].
  • The origin of the lateral ulnar collateral ligamentous complex is located just distal to the lateral epicondyle at the geometric center of the radiocapitellar articulation [3].
  • The distal humeral articulation is angled 30° from the longitudinal axis [3].
  • The anterior humeral line should pass through the center of the axis of rotation [3].
  • The axis of rotation is angulated 5° to 7° in the coronal plane relative to the epicondylar axis, with the medial side more distal than the lateral side [3].
  • The olecranon provides a broad attachment site for the triceps [3].
  • The ulna bends approximately 8° medially at 8 cm from the tip of the olecranon [3].
  • The articulation to the tip of the coronoid is approximately 30° from the long axis of the ulna in the sagittal plane [3].
  • There is a high correlation between the size of the radial head and capitellum on the left and right sides of the same individual [2, 3].

Ligaments and Soft Tissue

  • Elbow stability is determined by primary stabilizers, which include the ulnohumeral articulation, the medial ulnar collateral ligament, and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament complex [1].
  • Secondary stabilizers of the elbow include the radiocapitellar articulation, the common flexor tendon, the common extensor tendon, and the joint capsule [1].
  • The medial ulnar collateral ligament is the primary valgus stabilizer of the elbow [4, 5].
  • The anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament is the most important component for stability [4, 5].
  • The posterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral ligament becomes taut at flexion beyond 120 degrees [4, 5].
  • The lateral ulnar collateral ligament acts as a posterolateral stabilizer [4, 5].
  • Osborne’s ligament stabilizes the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel [4, 5].
  • The ligament of Struthers is a variant anatomy arising from the supracondylar process to attach to the medial epicondyle and is a potential site of median nerve compression [4, 5].
  • The anterior capsule attaches at a point approximately 6 mm distal to the tip of the coronoid [4, 5].
  • The joint capsule allows maximum distension at approximately 70 to 80 degrees of flexion [4, 5].
  • Tensile forces are present at the medial elbow and compressive forces at the lateral elbow [4, 5].
  • The triceps muscle has three distinct insertional areas to the olecranon: the posterior capsular insertion, the deep muscular portion, and the superficial tendinous portion [2].
  • The deep muscular head of the triceps corresponds to the medial head of the triceps [2].
  • The superficial tendinous portion of the triceps corresponds to the long and lateral heads [2].
  • The width of the triceps insertion is 2.6 cm and is located 1.1 cm from the tip of the olecranon [2].
  • The brachialis is the strongest elbow flexor and attaches to the coronoid 11 mm distal to the tip [4, 5].
  • The biceps brachii inserts at the ulnar margin of the radial tuberosity [4, 5].
  • The primary elbow extensor, the triceps, inserts on the olecranon process [4, 5].

Biomechanics and Motion

  • The normal elbow has a range of motion from 0° to 140° from extension to flexion [1].
  • The normal elbow has a range of motion of 75° in pronation and 85° in supination [1].
  • A functional arc for flexion and extension is 100° [1].
  • A functional arc for forearm rotation is 100° [1].
  • The angulation of the distal humeral articulation accounts for the change from a valgus carrying angle to a more varus position as the elbow is flexed [3].

Investigations

Physical Examination

  • The physical examination of the elbow is directed by the history and the location of the patient's pain in the anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral aspect of the elbow [1].
  • Pathologic entities associated with these discrete compartments aid the examiner in detecting pathologic conditions [1].
  • The soft tissue surrounding the elbow should be examined for previous skin incisions, grafts, eschar, or infection [9].
  • Active and passive flexion, extension, supination, and pronation should be evaluated using a goniometer for accurate measurement [9].
  • The contralateral elbow should be examined for comparison during range of motion assessment [9].
  • If the elbow has less than 90° to 100° of flexion, the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament is contracted and must be released to restore flexion [9].
  • Pain should be assessed during the mid-arc or at the terminal ends of motion [9].
  • Mid-arc range of motion pain is more common with intrinsic disease and may not improve with contracture release alone [9].
  • The ulnar nerve is of utmost importance during examination because of its anatomic proximity to the elbow [9].
  • The posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament forms the floor of the cubital tunnel along the course of the ulnar nerve [9].
  • Electromyography and nerve conduction velocity studies should be performed if there is any question about neurologic dysfunction [9].
  • An assessment for ulnar nerve subluxation should be performed [9].
  • Subluxation of the ulnar nerve is a relative contraindication for an arthroscopic procedure secondary to possible iatrogenic nerve injury [9].
  • The presence of a prior ulnar nerve transposition should be verified if there is a history of prior surgical procedures [9].

Imaging

  • Plain radiographs remain the hallmark and the best screening test for elbow evaluation [1].
  • AP, lateral, and oblique radiographs are standard for elbow imaging [9].
  • Serial radiography is used as follow-up when heterotopic ossification is present [9].
  • Primary bony landmarks identified on radiographs include the ulnohumeral joint, coronoid process, radial head, capitellum, radiocapitellar joint, olecranon tip, coronoid/olecranon fossae, and trochlear ridge [9].
  • CT is helpful when assessing for malunion architecture and the location and pattern of osteophytes and/or loose bodies [9].
  • Three-dimensional CT is used to check for heterotopic ossification [9].
  • CT is not necessary when the stiffness is entirely soft-tissue related [9].
  • CT is beneficial if any joint incongruity or abnormal bony anatomy is present [9].
  • MRI can be used to evaluate ligaments and tendons, but it is rarely indicated for elbow stiffness [9].
  • CT with two-dimensional reconstruction and three-dimensional surface rendering best visualizes the pathology of valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • MRI may be most helpful in evaluating associated injuries including partial or complete tears of the medial collateral ligament in valgus extension overload syndrome [11].
  • Radiographic evaluations are essential when diagnosing an osteochondritis dissecans lesion of the elbow [12].
  • Important aspects of osteochondritis dissecans lesions may be better seen with MRI [12].
  • Standard AP and lateral radiographs typically show osteophyte formation at the coronoid process, coronoid fossa, radial fossa, radial head, olecranon tip, and olecranon fossa in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Joint spaces at the ulnohumeral joint are usually preserved in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Joint spaces at the radiocapitellar joint are mildly narrowed in elbow osteoarthritis [13].
  • Loose bodies may be evident on radiographs, which typically underestimate the number present [13].
  • CT may be useful for surgical planning in elbow osteoarthritis, allowing a detailed assessment of osteophytes and the presence of loose bodies [13].

References

[1] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Summary and Conclusions.

[2] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Annotated References.

[3] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical Examination, and Imaging of the Elbow > Anatomy > Bony Anatomy.

[4] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. SECTION 16 PATELLAR TRACKING IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY > TABLE 2.3 Shoulder Spaces.

[5] Miller S Review Of Orthopaedics. Genetics of musculoskeletal conditions and abnormalities are summarized in Table 1.27 > TABLE 2.3 Shoulder Spaces.

[9] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Stiffness* > IV. Evaluation.

[11] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Elbow Injuries in the Athlete* > III. Valgus Extension Overload Syndrome and Posterior Impingement.

[12] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update. Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee and Elbow* > Summary.

[13] Aaos Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review 3. Arthritis and Arthroplasty of the Elbow > I. Osteoarthritis.

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c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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