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Osteotomía femoral distal

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza por proponer las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, recopilamos su historial clínico, examinamos su rodilla y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando es necesario para determinar la causa de su dolor.

Esta operación, conocida como osteotomía femoral distal, consiste en cortar y remodelar el extremo inferior del fémur para modificar la forma en que el peso se distribuye a través de la rodilla. Normalmente la recomendamos para personas jóvenes y activas cuyo dolor de rodilla se debe a artritis por desgaste (osteoartritis) en la parte externa de la articulación, acompañada de una alineación en valgo (rodillas hacia afuera). También puede ser útil si su rótula se disloca con frecuencia o le resulta inestable. En casos crónicos como estos, primero intentamos tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como modificaciones en las actividades y fisioterapia; la cirugía se considera únicamente cuando estos métodos no logran mejoría suficiente. El objetivo es enderezar la extremidad para que la carga se desvíe de la zona afectada, aliviando el dolor y permitiéndole mantenerse activo y practicar deportes durante 10 años o más.

Antes de la operación

Para planificar la intervención, tomamos radiografías de su rodilla mientras usted está de pie; a veces también realizamos una resonancia magnética o una ecografía. Estas imágenes muestran cuánto cartílago queda, cómo se mueve la rótula y cómo se alinea toda la pierna, desde la cadera hasta el tobillo. Las mediciones obtenidas determinan con precisión el lugar donde se realizará el corte óseo.

En la semana previa a la cirugía, deje de tomar cualquier medicamento antiinflamatorio y consulte con nosotros respecto a los anticoagulantes que esté tomando. No ingiera ni beba nada durante siete horas antes de la operación. Pedimos que sea un período de siete horas en lugar de seis para poder adelantar su intervención si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa y traiga una lista de sus medicamentos actuales, además de ropa cómoda y holgada para cambiarse. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una evaluación con el anestesista.

El día de la intervención

Llega usted a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para el quirófano. Allí conocerá al anestesista. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. Posteriormente, se le lleva al quirófano, donde se lleva a cabo la intervención.

Despierta usted en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras le vigilan mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de intervención y su recuperación.

Descripción del procedimiento quirúrgico

El cirujano realiza una incisión en un lado de la rodilla, sobre la parte inferior del fémur. El lado exacto depende de qué técnica sea la más adecuada para su rodilla. A través de dicha incisión, el hueso se corta casi por completo y luego se endereza suavemente para alinear la pierna de forma más uniforme. El corte en forma de V que se utiliza en una técnica común permite al cirujano realizar una corrección importante sin necesidad de extraer ningún fragmento óseo, manteniendo al mismo tiempo la estabilidad del hueso.

Una vez que el hueso queda en su nueva posición, una placa metálica y tornillos lo fijan mientras cicatriza. La placa se coloca cuidadosamente en la parte posterior del hueso, de modo que los extremos cortados no se muevan uno respecto al otro al doblar la rodilla. En algunas técnicas se emplea una placa de bloqueo: los tornillos se enganchan directamente a la placa, creando así una estructura estable que permite soportar carga en la pierna desde el principio.

Finalmente, la incisión se cierra con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un apósito. Todo el procedimiento se realiza mediante esta única incisión, lo cual reduce tanto el tiempo quirúrgico como la pérdida de sangre.

Si su rótula también ha sido parte del problema, esta misma operación permite rotar suavemente el fémur para que la rótula deslice dentro de su ranura anatómica en lugar de desplazarse hacia el exterior. En ocasiones, se combinan otros procedimientos con el corte óseo, como un trasplante de menisco (un “cojín” de tejido donado para la rodilla) o un injerto de cartílago para reparar zonas óseas desgastadas. Su cirujano le informará de antemano si alguno de estos procedimientos resulta aplicable en su caso.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación y, cuando esté listo, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización. Las enfermeras lo vigilarán y le administrarán analgésicos para que se sienta cómodo. La herida de su pierna estará cubierta con un vendaje; podrá empezar a apoyar peso en ella desde temprano, utilizando un andador o muletas. Durante las primeras 24 horas después de llegar a casa, debería haber alguien con usted. Su equipo médico le indicará si podrá volver a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando vengamos a verlo.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, su rodilla estará adolorida e hinchada. Los analgésicos le ayudarán a sentirse cómodo, y la hinchazón disminuirá gradualmente en las semanas siguientes. Es útil mantener la pierna elevada, aplicar hielo y tomar los medicamentos para el dolor que le indique su equipo médico.

Al principio, caminará con andador o muletas, apoyando parte del peso en la pierna según lo permita su cirujano. Un fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios para mantener la movilidad de la rodilla y fortalecer los músculos del muslo. Puede moverse por la casa y realizar tareas cotidianas ligeras, pero evite insistir si siente dolor. Al principio, dormir boca arriba con la pierna cómodamente apoyada es la mejor opción.

A medida que la hinchazón disminuya y la movilidad mejore, pasará de usar muletas a caminar por sí solo. Una vez que su cirujano le autorice conducir, podrá volver al volante; nuestra guía de conducción detalla las normas aplicables. Cuando su rodilla se sienta fuerte y estable, podrá reincorporarse al trabajo y a las actividades deportivas de forma gradual. La mayoría de las personas vuelven a sus labores y a sus actividades favoritas; muchas incluso recuperan el nivel deportivo previo a la lesión.

La recuperación varía según cada persona. Su cronograma podría ser distinto, y su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán en cada etapa.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden presentarse problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

En algunos casos, el hueso no se consolida como estaba previsto, o lo hace en una posición ligeramente distinta a la deseada. Es posible que note dolor persistente en el sitio de la incisión, o la sensación de que la pierna aún no está recta. La placa metálica y los tornillos también pueden provocar irritación; incluso puede romperse algún tornillo. Si percibe nuevos chasquidos o ruidos de fricción en la rodilla, o si el dolor vuelve tras haber disminuido, coméntele esto en su próxima consulta.

La herida quirúrgica también puede generar complicaciones. Esté atento a la aparición de enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la zona de la incisión, a la salida de líquido a través del vendaje, o a un dolor profundo y pulsátil que no ceda con analgésicos comunes. Estos síntomas podrían indicar infección o acumulación de sangre bajo la herida. Si observa cualquiera de estos signos, llame a la clínica. Si presenta fiebre o el enrojecimiento se propaga rápidamente, acuda a urgencias.

En casos muy raros, la hinchazón en la pierna puede volverse peligrosa. Si nota hinchazón y sensibilidad repentinas en la pantorrilla, o si la parte inferior de la pierna se vuelve tensa, dolorosa y entumecida, vaya de inmediato a urgencias. Lo mismo aplica si sus dedos del pie se vuelven pálidos o fríos.

Durante la operación existe una pequeña probabilidad de dañar algún vaso sanguíneo o nervio cercano a la rodilla, o de producirse una pequeña fisura en el hueso al enderezarlo. Su cirujano vigila estos aspectos durante la intervención y los trata si se presentan.

En ocasiones, la corrección no se mantiene, o la rodilla no dobla con la libertad esperada. Si el dolor o la rigidez persisten, su cirujano le explicará las opciones disponibles, que pueden incluir una nueva cirugía o, años después, un reemplazo de rodilla si la artritis avanza.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas; si desea conocer los datos exactos, puede consultarla.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

Confíe en su instinto. Si se siente mal, llámenos. Comuníquese con la clínica si nota fiebre, mayor enrojecimiento o secreción en la herida, o un dolor que empeora progresivamente. Acuda a urgencias si experimenta dolor intenso y repentino, hinchazón en la pantorrilla o dificultad para respirar. También debe acudir a urgencias si su pierna se entumece, se enfría, se vuelve pálida o no puede moverla. Estos síntomas requieren evaluación inmediata. Si tiene dudas, llámenos y le orientaremos.


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