Skip to content

Patients › Rehabilitation

Reparación de tendones flexores

Un plan de recuperación mediante movilización temprana tras la reparación de un tendón flexor en el dedo, que utiliza la férula corta de Manchester para mover el tendón en proceso de cicatrización de forma suave y segura a partir de la primera semana, protegiendo al mismo tiempo la zona reparada durante seis semanas.

Ilustración de los tendones flexores que recorren la cara palmar de los dedos, dentro de sus vainas.
Los tendones flexores que permiten doblar los dedos discurren dentro de vainas estrechas a lo largo de la cara palmar de la mano; un tendón cortado se repara y luego se protege cuidadosamente mientras cicatriza. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Este protocolo le servirá de guía para su recuperación tras la reparación quirúrgica de un tendón flexor en el dedo (la estructura que recorre la cara palmar del dedo y permite doblarlo hacia la palma), realizada por el Dr. Kieran Hirpara en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Comienza con un programa de ejercicios para realizar en casa; posteriormente, siga el protocolo clínico estructurado redactado para su terapeuta de mano: lleve esta página o su versión en PDF a su primera sesión de terapia para garantizar una rehabilitación coordinada. Su terapeuta podrá modificar el plan según el progreso de su recuperación.

Si tiene alguna duda respecto a su herida postoperatoria, comuníquese con nuestra consulta. A menudo resulta útil tomar una fotografía de la herida y enviarla por correo electrónico para su revisión.

Qué esperar

La reparación del tendón flexor consiste en unir nuevamente los extremos cortados del tendón para que el dedo pueda volver a doblarse. La reparación es lo suficientemente resistente como para permitir movimientos suaves desde el primer momento; sin embargo, es más débil durante las primeras semanas, mientras el tendón cicatriza. Por eso, todo el plan de rehabilitación se basa en realizar movimientos justo lo necesario para mantener el deslizamiento del tendón, sin ejercer nunca una fuerza excesiva que pueda romper los puntos de sutura.

Para ello, la mano se coloca en una férula ligera y especial llamada férula corta de Manchester. A diferencia de férulas anteriores, más voluminosas, esta es corta y termina en el pliegue de la muñeca, dejando esta última libre de movimiento. Permite que la muñeca se mueva completamente hacia adelante y hacia atrás hasta unos 45 grados; además, un pequeño bloque impide que los nudillos se estiren más allá de los 30 grados, mientras que las articulaciones de los dedos quedan libres para moverse. Debe llevarse todo el tiempo durante seis semanas, quitándola únicamente según las indicaciones para realizar ejercicios y para lavarse.

Lo más ingenioso es el modo en que se utiliza la muñeca: al doblar la muñeca hacia adelante, el dedo se estira casi por sí solo (esto se conoce como efecto tenodesis), permitiendo abrir el dedo por completo sin necesidad de forzarlo con los músculos. Cuando doblamos la muñeca hacia atrás, resulta más fácil y seguro curvar suavemente el dedo. Este tipo de movimientos mantienen el deslizamiento del tendón y, lo más importante, evitan que el dedo quede rígidamente doblado, problema muy frecuente tras este tipo de reparación.

Los primeros ejercicios (a partir del día 4–5) son suaves y específicos: primero se dobla el dedo de forma pasiva; luego se realiza un ligero movimiento de flexión activa, partiendo de la punta del dedo; finalmente se estira el dedo con la muñeca doblada. Durante seis semanas no se permite ningún agarre fuerte ni movimientos forzados. A las seis semanas se retira la férula y comienza un ligero fortalecimiento; la mayoría de los pacientes recuperan el uso total e ilimitado de la mano al cabo de diez a doce semanas.

Precauciones y limitaciones

  • Use la férula corta de Manchester de forma continua durante seis semanas: quítesela únicamente para realizar los ejercicios y para lavarse, tal como se le indicó.
  • NO haga un puño cerrado y apretado, y NO agarre, levante, tire ni cargue nada con la mano operada durante las primeras seis semanas: una carga excesiva podría romper la reparación.
  • NO fuerce el dedo para enderezarlo ni para doblarlo; realice todos los movimientos de forma suave, dentro del rango que le hayan enseñado.
  • Puede utilizar la mano para tareas muy ligeras y seguras, excluyendo el dedo lesionado, siempre que no se produzca ninguna tracción o tensión sobre él.
  • Si escucha un chasquido o siente que el dedo “cede” repentinamente, perdiendo la capacidad de doblarse, es posible que el tendón se haya roto: en ese caso, comuníquese de inmediato con la consulta.
  • NO conduzca mientras lleve la férula; podrá volver a conducir una vez retirada la férula (aproximadamente a las seis semanas), siempre que su agarre y control sean adecuados y cuente con autorización médica.

Para el cuidado de la herida, la hinchazón y las cicatrices, consulte las pautas de cuidado de heridas de la consulta.

Sus ejercicios

Estos son los ejercicios que aparecen en su folleto. Comience a realizarlos únicamente bajo la guía del Dr. Hirpara y de su terapeuta de mano, respetando siempre el rango de movimiento y las limitaciones que le hayan indicado. Cada sesión sigue el mismo orden seguro: primero doble el dedo suavemente de forma pasiva, luego realice su flexión en gancho activa y los deslizamientos tendinosos, y finalmente extienda el dedo con la muñeca flexionada para evitar que se quede rígido en posición de flexión. Todo debe hacerse con suavidad: se trata de deslizamientos, no de fortalecimiento. Las técnicas de colocación y bloqueo corresponden a fases posteriores y solo deben iniciarse cuando su terapeuta se las indique. Interrumpa cualquier ejercicio que provoque dolor intenso en la zona de la reparación, y nunca haga un puño cerrado hasta que se le dé autorización.

Su protocolo clínico

El resto de esta página describe el protocolo clínico por etapas para la rehabilitación tras la reparación de tendones flexores, utilizando el yeso corto de Manchester y un régimen de movilización temprana activa (EAM). Esta sección debe entregarse a su terapeuta de mano; cada fase comienza con una explicación sencilla en lenguaje coloquial de lo que está ocurriendo. En las primeras semanas, la reparación es más frágil y se somete a la carga de la flexión activa y resistida de los dedos (formar un puño cerrado); por ello, el protocolo protege contra una flexión excesiva mientras fomenta deliberadamente el desplazamiento del tendón y la extensión activa de las articulaciones interfalángicas para prevenir la contractura en flexión, que es la complicación más problemática.

Antes de iniciar el tratamiento, revise el informe quirúrgico del paciente y su historial médico; además, consulte con el cirujano tratante respecto a la zona de la lesión, la configuración y resistencia de las suturas utilizadas, cualquier liberación de poleas y la posible reparación concomitante de nervios digitales. Las reparaciones de tendones flexores realizadas por el Dr. Hirpara se tratan con un yeso dorsal corto de Manchester (que termina en el pliegue de la muñeca), el cual permite flexión y extensión completa de la muñeca hasta 45°; las articulaciones metacarpofalángicas quedan bloqueadas a 30° de flexión, mientras que las articulaciones interfalángicas permanecen libres. Este yeso debe usarse a tiempo completo durante seis semanas. Solo se añaden férulas de extensión nocturnas si se desarrolla una deformidad de flexión en las articulaciones interfalángicas.

Fase I — Movilización activa temprana con la férula corta de Manchester (semanas 0 a 6)

Durante las primeras seis semanas se protege la reparación del tendón mientras se mantiene el deslizamiento tendinoso y se evita que el dedo quede rígido en una contractura de flexión. La mano se mantiene todo el tiempo en la férula corta de Manchester (flexión total de muñeca, extensión hasta 45°, bloqueo de las articulaciones metacarpofalángicas a 30°, articulaciones interfalángicas libres). La movilización activa comienza alrededor del día 4–5. Cada sesión sigue un orden establecido: primero flexión pasiva de las articulaciones interfalángicas; luego formación activa del puño en gancho iniciando desde la articulación interfalángica distal con la muñeca extendida; finalmente extensión activa de los dedos con la muñeca flexionada (movimiento sinérgico y preventivo de contracturas). No se permite forzar el rango articular máximo ni realizar flexión con resistencia.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Educación y precauciones - Usar la férula corta de Manchester todo el tiempo: flexión total de muñeca, extensión hasta 45°, bloqueo de las articulaciones metacarpofalángicas a 30°, articulaciones interfalángicas libres; retirarla únicamente para ejercicios e higiene - Iniciar la movilización activa temprana el día 4–5 - No forzar el rango articular máximo ni realizar flexión con resistencia; prohibido agarrar, levantar o tirar - Uso “seguro” y moderado de la mano, excluyendo el dedo lesionado - Utilizar la férula de extensión nocturna únicamente si comienza a desarrollarse una deformidad de flexión en las articulaciones interfalángicas

Manejo - Herida: aplicar vendajes quirúrgicos según indicaciones; vigilar signos de infección - Edema: elevar la mano, controlar suavemente el edema digital y prevenir adherencias - Secuencia de ejercicios en cada sesión: (1) primero realizar flexión pasiva completa de las articulaciones interfalángicas; (2) formar activamente el puño en gancho iniciando desde la articulación interfalángica distal con la muñeca extendida a 45°; (3) extensión activa de los dedos con la muñeca flexionada (movimiento sinérgico y preventivo de contracturas); según indicación, añadir ejercicio de colocar y mantener en una posición de puño ligero - Revisión terapéutica semanal durante esta fase

Criterios para avanzar a la siguiente fase - Cicatrización completa de la herida; integridad de la reparación tendinosa a las seis semanas; mantenimiento del deslizamiento tendinoso; ausencia de contractura significativa de flexión en las articulaciones interfalángicas

Fase II: retiro del yeso y trabajo sobre los tejidos blandos y la cicatriz (semana 6)

A las seis semanas se retira el yeso. El enfoque pasa a ser recuperar el rango de movimiento pasivo y activo completo, liberar cualquier rigidez temprana y manejar la cicatriz. Aún no se ha iniciado el fortalecimiento; el uso de un yeso de extensión nocturno solo se indica si persiste una deformidad por flexión residual.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Evaluaciones - Rango de movimiento activo y pasivo en las articulaciones MCP/PIP/DIP; presencia de cualquier contractura por flexión en la articulación interfalángica; calidad del deslizamiento tendinoso (evaluar presencia de adherencias); revisión de la cicatriz y la herida

Educación y precauciones - El yeso se retira a las seis semanas (solo se usa el yeso de extensión nocturno si persiste una contractura por flexión en la articulación interfalángica) - Se puede iniciar un uso funcional leve; aún no se permite el agarre con resistencia ni la carga

Manejo - Estiramientos de los tejidos blandos para restaurar la flexión y extensión completas; iniciar manejo de la cicatriz una vez que esta haya sanado - Continuar con los ejercicios de deslizamiento tendinoso; introducir técnicas de bloqueo si las adherencias limitan dicho deslizamiento - Progresar hacia un uso funcional leve de la mano

Criterios para avanzar - La herida y la cicatriz están estabilizadas; el rango de movimiento pasivo es casi completo; el deslizamiento tendinoso se mantiene; listo para iniciar el fortalecimiento gradual

Fase III: Fortalecimiento y retorno a la actividad (semanas 6 a 12)

A medida que la reparación quirúrgica madura, se inician los estiramientos graduales y el fortalecimiento progresivo, aumentándose gradualmente hasta lograr un uso completamente libre de restricciones. Se espera que el retorno a la actividad plena y sin limitaciones ocurra alrededor de las diez a doce semanas, según criterios clínicos.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Evaluaciones - Rango de movimiento compuesto y cualquier contractura residual; fuerza de agarre y de pellizco en comparación con el lado contralateral; respuesta de la zona reparada a la carga gradual

Educación y precauciones - Iniciar estiramientos graduales y fortalecimiento progresivo a partir de la semana seis aproximadamente; aumentar la carga de forma gradual - Evitar el agarre máximo repentino o la aplicación de cargas resistidas hasta que se haya recuperado la fuerza

Manejo - Fortalecimiento progresivo del agarre y el pellizco (desde plastilina hasta ejercicios con resistencia graduada); continuar con estiramientos si persiste rigidez; seguir trabajando la cicatriz según sea necesario - Avanzar hacia la actividad plena y sin restricciones a las 10–12 semanas - Considerar el alta terapéutica una vez que el rango de movimiento y la fuerza sean funcionales y se haya logrado un retorno adecuado a la actividad; derivar nuevamente al cirujano tratante si la recuperación se estanca o persiste una contractura en flexión

Criterios para el retorno a la actividad plena - Rango de movimiento funcional; fuerza de agarre y pellizco adecuada y casi simétrica respecto al lado contralateral; uso sin dolor ni restricciones, generalmente a las 10–12 semanas

Volver al trabajo y a las actividades cotidianas

Se recomienda un uso ligero y seguro de la mano (excluyendo el dedo lesionado) desde el principio, mientras se lleva la férula, siempre y cuando no se ejerzan fuerzas de tracción, agarre o tensión sobre la zona reparada. En las primeras semanas, será necesario contar con ayuda, ya que durante las primeras seis semanas no se podrá agarrar, levantar ni cargar nada con la mano operada. La férula se retira aproximadamente a las seis semanas, momento a partir del cual se inicia un ligero fortalecimiento muscular.

Dado que no se debe conducir mientras se lleva la férula dorsal, deberá organizar el transporte durante las primeras seis semanas. La conducción se reanuda después de retirar la férula (alrededor de las seis semanas), una vez que el agarre y el control de los dedos sean adecuados y tras recibir autorización en la consulta de seguimiento. Se espera que, alrededor de las diez a doce semanas, pueda volver a realizar todas las actividades sin restricciones, incluyendo el agarre firme y tareas más pesadas; este proceso se llevará a cabo de forma gradual, y será evaluado por el Dr. Hirpara y su terapeuta de mano en función del movimiento y la fuerza del dedo, no únicamente en base al tiempo transcurrido.

Después de seguir el protocolo

Este protocolo se complementa con las recomendaciones generales de recuperación que brinda la clínica; consulte también control del dolor postoperatorio, cuidado de la herida y manejo de las cicatrices. El plan por fases descrito anteriormente se basa en las guías publicadas sobre rehabilitación con movilización temprana tras la reparación de tendones flexores; su recuperación continua será guiada individualmente por el Dr. Hirpara y su terapeuta de mano, según el progreso de su dedo.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Flexor Tendon Repair — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Manchester Short-Splint Early Active Motion)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after primary surgical repair of a flexor tendon in the finger (especially zone II) with a robust multi-strand core repair, mobilised on an early-active-motion (EAM) regimen using the Manchester short splint. This is a repair of a divided structure that is at its weakest in the first weeks, so — unlike a decompression — the rehab is a carefully graded protected-but-moving pathway: enough controlled tendon excursion to prevent adhesion and flexion contracture, without the forceful flexion that ruptures the construct.

Defining principle of the rehab here: a repaired flexor tendon must glide to heal well but must not be loaded hard while it is weak. The two competing failures are rupture (from forceful or resisted flexion) and adhesion / PIP flexion contracture (from too little controlled motion). The Manchester short splint resolves this tension by leaving the wrist free: holding the wrist in 45° of extension minimises the work of flexion (Savage) so a gentle active hook fist glides the tendon at low tension, while permitting wrist flexion harnesses the extensor tenodesis effect to drive active IP extension — the single most effective lever against the PIP flexion contracture that is the characteristic nuisance complication of zone II repair. The deliberate sequence each session (passive IP flexion → active hook fist from the DIP, wrist extended → active IP extension, wrist flexed) is what makes the regimen safe and anti-contracture.


A. PROCEDURE / REPAIR OUTCOMES (early active motion vs passive mobilisation)

Flexor tendon repair is technically demanding and historically complication-prone (rupture and adhesion). Modern multi-strand core repairs combined with early active motion have shifted outcomes decisively toward better motion, with the central trade-off being a small rupture risk against markedly better range and function.

  • Early active motion gives better finger motion than passive mobilisation, at a small rupture cost. A systematic review of controlled mobilisation after zone II repair found EAM regimens produced better total active motion than passive (Kleinert/Duran) protocols, with a modest increase in rupture (~5% vs ~4%) [Starr 2013]. The contemporary consensus favours active regimens with robust repairs. Moderate–strong (SR).
  • The Manchester short splint specifically improves IP extension without increasing rupture. A clinical audit comparing the Manchester short splint (MSS) with a traditional full-length dorsal splint in uncomplicated zone II repairs found less PIP extension deficit (median 15° vs 28° at 6 weeks, p=0.003; 6° vs 18° at 12 weeks), a greater DIP flexion arc (59° vs 30°), and more excellent/good Strickland grades with the MSS. Rupture was not significantly different (2/45, 4.4% MSS vs 3/76, 3.9% traditional) [Peck 2014]. The headline advantage is the reduction in PIP flexion contracture. Moderate (single-centre non-randomised audit, Level III–IV).
  • Forearm-based (wrist-blocking) splints constrain the very motion that prevents contracture. A comparison of splint designs found the Manchester short splint allowed greater PIP extension than forearm-based splints [Newington 2021], consistent with the mechanistic rationale that freeing the wrist enables the synergistic IP-extension move. Moderate.
  • Mechanistic basis. Positioning the wrist in ~45° extension minimises the work of flexion required for active digital flexion, lowering the tension on the repair during the active hook fist [Savage 1988]; allowing wrist flexion recruits the extensor tenodesis effect to achieve full active IP extension at low cost — the anti-contracture engine of the regimen. Mechanistic.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

The rehab questions are (1) active vs passive early mobilisation, (2) splint design, and (3) how to structure the session to prevent both rupture and contracture. The evidence supports a robust repair mobilised with early active motion, a short wrist-free splint, and a fixed safe exercise sequence delivered through formal hand therapy.

  • Early active motion is the modern default for robust repairs. Active regimens (partial-range combined passive/active, place-and-hold, true active flexion) outperform passive-only protocols on motion and are now standard where the core repair is strong enough to tolerate active glide [Tang 2021; Starr 2013]. Moderate–strong.
  • A defined, low-tension active sequence is what makes EAM safe. Therapy guidance emphasises passive flexion first (preconditioning the joints), place-and-hold / active hook fist to glide the tendon at minimal tension, and synergistic wrist-flexion finger-extension to recover IP extension — the explicit structure of the Manchester regimen [Neiduski & Powell 2019; Saint John protocol]. Moderate (consensus + protocol cohorts).
  • Splint design materially changes the contracture outcome. Shorter, wrist-free splinting that permits the synergistic extension move yields greater PIP extension than traditional or forearm-based dorsal splints [Peck 2014; Newington 2021]. Moderate.
  • All flexor repairs are routed through formal hand therapy. The regimen is exercise-order- and tension-sensitive and is delivered with weekly hand-therapy review through the six-week splinted phase; it is not a self-directed pathway. Consensus / standard of care.

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Early active motion (in MSS) Week 0–6 Manchester short splint full-time (full wrist flexion, extension to 45°, MCP block 30°, IPs free) Start day 4–5; each session: passive IP flexion → active hook fist from the DIP (wrist extended) → active IP extension (wrist flexed); place-and-hold as guided; weekly therapy No resisted flexion, no gripping/lifting; light safe use excluding the injured finger EAM drives glide + anti-contracture; rupture risk highest now
II — Splint off, soft-tissue / scar Week 6 Splint discontinued (night extension gutter only for residual IP flexion deformity) Restore full passive/active ROM; scar management; tendon glides; blocking if adhesions Still no resisted loading PIP flexion contracture is the complication to chase down here
III — Strengthen / return Week 6–12 Restrictions progressively lifted Graded stretching; progressive grip/pinch strengthening (putty → resistance) Build grip/pinch gradually Return to full / unrestricted activity 10–12 weeks, criterion-based

(Phase windows mirror the precautions in the patient protocol; they are typical guides, not trial-derived deadlines.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Active vs passive early mobilisation. EAM gives better motion than passive Kleinert/Duran regimens at a small rupture-rate cost (~5% vs ~4%); it is the contemporary default for strong core repairs [Starr 2013; Tang 2021]. Moderate–strong.
  2. Manchester short splint vs traditional dorsal splint. The MSS audit shows clearly better IP extension and DIP flexion arc with no significant increase in rupture, but it is a single-centre, non-randomised audit (Level III–IV) — the authors themselves call for an RCT. The improvement is consistent with the mechanism (wrist-free synergistic extension), which raises confidence above the study design alone. Moderate; RCT recommended.
  3. The PIP flexion contracture is the outcome that discriminates protocols. Rupture rates are broadly similar across modern regimens; what separates them is residual PIP extension loss, and that is where the short, wrist-free splint and the synergistic-extension move earn their place [Peck 2014; Newington 2021]. Moderate.
  4. Repair strength gates the regimen. EAM is only safe with a robust multi-strand core repair; the protocol assumes that and is surgeon-confirmed per case (zone, suture configuration, pulley venting, concurrent nerve repair). Consensus.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • MODERATE–STRONG (SR): early active motion produces better finger motion than passive mobilisation after zone II repair, at a small rupture-rate increase (~5% vs ~4%) [Starr 2013]; modern partial-range active regimens are the contemporary standard [Tang 2021].
  • MODERATE: the Manchester short splint reduces PIP extension deficit (15° vs 28° at 6 wk, p=0.003) and improves DIP flexion arc without significantly increasing rupture (4.4% vs 3.9%) [Peck 2014]; greater PIP extension than forearm-based splints [Newington 2021]; defined low-tension exercise sequence [Neiduski & Powell 2019; Saint John].
  • MECHANISTIC / CONSENSUS: wrist 45° extension minimises work of flexion [Savage 1988]; wrist flexion harnesses the extensor tenodesis effect for active IP extension (anti-contracture); exact phase timings are typical guides, not trial-derived; single-centre non-randomised MSS evidence — an RCT is recommended.

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Peck FH, et al. A comparative study of two methods of controlled mobilization of flexor tendon repairs in zone 2 (the Manchester short splint). Hand Ther. 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1758998314533306
  • Starr HM, et al. Flexor tendon repair rehabilitation protocols: a systematic review. J Hand Surg Am. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.06.025
  • Neiduski RL, Powell RK. Flexor tendon rehabilitation in the 21st century: a systematic review. J Hand Ther. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2018.06.001
  • Tang JB. Rehabilitation after flexor tendon repair and others: a safe and efficient update. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/17531934211037112
  • Tang JB, et al. (IFSSH flexor tendon committee report). J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2014. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413500768
  • Newington L, et al. Splinting after flexor tendon repair: comparison of the Manchester short splint with forearm-based splinting on PIP joint extension. Hand Ther. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/17589983211017584

Flexor tendon rehabilitation literature (URLs)

  • Saint John flexor tendon protocol — early active motion regimen for zone II repair (protocol description and outcomes). PMC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142498/
  • Savage R. The influence of wrist position on the minimum force required for active movement of the interphalangeal joints. J Hand Surg Br. 1988 (mechanistic basis: wrist extension minimises the work of flexion). https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(88)90258-2

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.