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Discectomía y fusión cervical anterior

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza por proponer las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. Evaluamos a cada paciente mediante su historial clínico, un examen físico y, cuando es necesario, estudios de imagen; luego le explicamos los resultados.

Esta operación se denomina discectomía y fusión cervical anterior. En términos sencillos, el cirujano actúa desde la parte frontal del cuello, retira el disco dañado que comprime los nervios o la médula espinal, y une las dos vértebras para que se consoliden como una sola pieza sólida. Normalmente la recomendamos cuando los tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como cambios en las actividades o fisioterapia, no han logrado mejorar suficientemente sus síntomas. Es adecuada para personas cuyos síntomas coinciden con los hallazgos de sus estudios de imagen, especialmente el dolor en el brazo provocado por un nervio comprimido, la presión sobre la médula espinal o el dolor cervical acompañado de síntomas neurológicos. Si presenta debilidad muscular evidente, es posible que recomendemos operar cuanto antes. El objetivo es aliviar su dolor, resolver los síntomas nerviosos y ayudarle a volver a sus actividades habituales.

Antes de la operación

Una vez que haya programado su operación, le proporcionaremos instrucciones claras a seguir en los días previos a su ingreso. Deberá abstenerse de comer y beber durante siete horas antes de la cirugía. Pedimos que sea un período de siete horas y no menos, para poder adelantar su intervención si la lista de quirófanos lo permite. Algunos medicamentos pueden influir en la cirugía; por eso, indíquenos todos los que toma y le informaremos cuáles debe suspender y en qué momento. Traiga consigo una lista por escrito de los medicamentos que actualmente toma. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la operación, ya que no podrá conducir usted mismo. El día de la intervención, use ropa holgada y cómoda. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que también necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta previa con el anestesista antes de la cirugía.

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Posteriormente, conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de sedarle y de cuidarle durante la operación. Esta intervención se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. A continuación, será llevado al quirófano, donde se realiza la operación. Después, despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras le vigilarán de cerca mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de intervención y cómo evolucione su recuperación.

Qué implica la operación

La palabra “anterior” significa “desde el frente”. El cirujano realiza una pequeña incisión en la parte frontal del cuello y desde allí accede a la columna vertebral. Este método permite extraer el disco desgastado sin alterar el canal espinal, es decir, el espacio que alberga la médula espinal. El cirujano retira el disco exactamente en el nivel que causa los síntomas y luego une las dos vértebras para que se consoliden en una sola pieza. Este proceso se denomina fusión.

Para mantener los huesos unidos mientras cicatrizan, el cirujano coloca un espaciador fabricado con un material de implante seguro en el espacio donde antes estaba el disco. En ocasiones, se añade una pequeña placa en la parte frontal de la columna para brindar mayor soporte. La elección del método depende del número de niveles discales que requieran tratamiento; el cirujano le explicará cuál es el más adecuado para usted. Si hay varios discos desgastados, el cirujano podría extraer una pequeña porción de hueso de una vértebra para acceder a los nervios o a la médula comprimidos, y luego rellenar el hueco con un espaciador.

La incisión en el cuello se cierra con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un vendaje. Deberá mantener ese vendaje durante unos 10 días, tal como se describe en la sección de recuperación.

El objetivo de todo este procedimiento es sencillo: aliviar la presión sobre el nervio o la médula espinal y proporcionarle al cuello una estructura estable y curada, en lugar del disco desgastado.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán de cerca mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su equipo médico le informará si podrá volver a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Se le administrará analgésico antes de que se vaya, y las enfermeras lo revisarán periódicamente para asegurarse de que surta efecto. Tendrá un vendaje sobre la pequeña incisión en el cuello. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiamos o lo retiramos cuando lo veamos en consulta. La mayoría de los pacientes se levantan y caminan pocas horas después de la cirugía; moverse suavemente por casa favorece su recuperación. Por favor, organice que alguien se quede con usted durante las primeras 24 horas después de llegar a casa.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, es normal sentir algo de dolor en la parte frontal del cuello y dificultad para tragar. La deglución suele volverse más fácil a medida que disminuye la hinchazón; mientras tanto, los alimentos blandos y el consumo abundante de líquidos resultan de gran ayuda. El plan de control del dolor que le indicaron en el hospital le permitirá sentirse cómodo al moverse por casa.

Como ya se mencionó, podrá levantarse y caminar poco después de la cirugía; realizar movimientos suaves en casa favorece la curación. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios sencillos para el cuello y los hombros a medida que avance la recuperación. No deberá usar ningún soporte ortopédico. Puede realizar tareas cotidianas ligeras en casa, pero evite levantar objetos pesados o realizar actividades extenuantes hasta que su cirujano confirme que el hueso se ha consolidado. En los primeros días, dormir con varias almohadas detrás de la espalda puede resultar más cómodo.

Los hitos de la recuperación se manifiestan como acontecimientos, no como fechas concretas. Una vez que la hinchazón desaparezca, volverá a comer y hablar con normalidad. Cuando su cirujano le autorice conducir, podrá volver a tomar el volante; en general, debe ser capaz de sujetar el volante con ambas manos y reaccionar adecuadamente en una frenada de emergencia, además de no estar tomando analgésicos fuertes. Nuestra guía de conducción explica esto con mayor detalle. A medida que recupere la fuerza en el cuello, podrá retomar gradualmente su trabajo y las actividades que disfruta.

La recuperación varía de una persona a otra. Su cronograma personal podría diferir, y su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le guiarán durante todo el proceso.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

El abordaje por la parte frontal del cuello implica que algunas estructuras cercanas a la columna vertebral se desplazan durante la cirugía. Esto puede irritar los nervios que controlan la voz y la deglución. Es posible que note la voz ronca, o que la comida y la bebida bajen lentamente o parezcan “quedarse atascadas”. Esto es frecuente en los primeros días y suele mejorar a medida que disminuye la hinchazón. Si la deglución sigue siendo difícil después de esos días, o si su voz no vuelve a la normalidad, hágalo saber en su próxima consulta.

Algunas personas experimentan más dolor cervical en los primeros días postoperatorios de lo esperado. Por lo general, este dolor disminuye con el plan de control del dolor. Un número menor de pacientes presenta un dolor profundo y sordo en el cuello que persiste durante mucho tiempo. Si el dolor sigue siendo molesto meses después, infórmenos en su revisión para poder investigarlo.

Las dos vértebras deben fusionarse hasta formar una sola pieza sólida. En ocasiones, no se unen por completo. Puede notar que el dolor cervical reaparece con frecuencia, o que no mejora tanto como esperaba. Si esto ocurre, en las consultas de seguimiento podremos comprobar si los huesos se han fusionado.

El espaciador o la placa que mantiene los huesos unidos puede desplazarse antes de que se complete la fusión. Las señales de alerta incluyen un dolor cervical nuevo o que empeora, o la sensación de que algo ha cambiado en el cuello. También existe la posibilidad de infección. Esté atento a enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la herida, hinchazón, calor o secreción líquida en la incisión. Si observa cualquiera de estos síntomas, comuníquese de inmediato con la clínica. Si presenta fiebre y malestar general, acuda a urgencias.

Como un disco situado por encima o por debajo de la zona de fusión asume una carga adicional, con el tiempo puede desgastarse. Esto podría provocar nuevo dolor en el brazo o en el cuello años después. Si eso sucede, mencione el tema en su revisión para que podamos solicitar estudios de imagen.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas habituales, por si desea conocer los datos específicos.

¿Cuándo debemos ser contactados?

Llámenos si nota enrojecimiento, hinchazón, calor o secreción de líquido desde la herida; también si siente fiebre o calor corporal. Llámenos si el dolor empeora repentinamente, o si aparece un dolor nuevo que antes no existía. Acuda a urgencias si presenta hinchazón o dolor en la pantorrilla, o dificultad para respirar. Acuda a urgencias de inmediato si pierde la sensibilidad en un brazo o una pierna, o si no puede moverlo.


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