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Anticoagulantes antes y después de la cirugía

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How anticoagulants and antiplatelets work, and why the timing of stopping each before surgery differs — platelet turnover, half-lives and clot risk.

Ilustración de un coágulo sanguíneo: glóbulos rojos atrapados en una red de hilos de fibrina alrededor de un grupo de plaquetas.
Un coágulo se forma cuando las plaquetas se agrupan y quedan reforzadas por una red de hilos de fibrina; este es el proceso que los anticoagulantes tienen como objetivo interrumpir. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

El término “anticoagulante” engloba dos tipos de medicamentos que actúan de formas completamente distintas. En el caso de la cirugía de miembro superior, nuestras indicaciones dependen del tipo de medicamento que usted tome. Se deben seguir tomando los antiagregantes plaquetarios como la aspirina y el clopidogrel. En cambio, los anticoagulantes como la warfarina, Xarelto, Eliquis y Pradaxa deben suspenderse 48 horas antes de la operación. Saber qué medicamento toma y cómo funciona ayuda a comprender mejor estas dos instrucciones.

¿Cómo se coagula realmente la sangre?

Para comprender los distintos anticoagulantes, resulta útil saber cómo la sangre cierra normalmente una fuga, ya que cada medicamento interrumpe una etapa distinta del proceso.

Cuando un vaso sanguíneo se corta o daña, el cuerpo lo tapona en dos fases:

  1. Las plaquetas cierran la brecha: los primeros respondedores rápidos. Las plaquetas son diminutos fragmentos celulares que circulan en la sangre sin actividad hasta que se necesitan. En cuanto entran en contacto con la pared dañada del vaso, se vuelven pegajosas, se acumulan en la zona de la lesión y se agrupan, formando un tapón temporal y blando en cuestión de segundos o minutos. Puede considerarse como el parche de emergencia del cuerpo.

  2. La cascada de coagulación solidifica el tapón. Ese tapón de plaquetas es frágil por sí solo. Para reforzarlo, la sangre desencadena una reacción en cadena denominada cascada de coagulación, compuesta por una serie de proteínas llamadas factores de coagulación (la mayoría producidas por el hígado; varias de ellas requieren vitamina K) que se activan unas a otras en secuencia, como una hilera de fichas de dominó. Al final de la cascada, una proteína llamada fibrinógeno se transforma en fibrina, una red de finos hilos que se entrelaza con el tapón de plaquetas y lo convierte en un coágulo firme y estable.

En realidad, un coágulo terminado está formado por plaquetas unidas mediante una red de fibrina. Cuando cierra una herida, eso es exactamente lo que se desea; sin embargo, el mismo proceso que ocurre de forma indeseada dentro de una arteria o vena provoca infartos, accidentes cerebrovasculares o TVP. Precisamente para evitar esto se recetan los anticoagulantes.

He aquí la clave de todo lo que sigue: las dos familias de anticoagulantes bloquean etapas distintas. Los medicamentos antiplaquetarios atacan la primera fase (las plaquetas); los anticoagulantes interrumpen la segunda (la cascada de factores de coagulación). Esta única diferencia explica también por qué el tiempo de espera antes de una cirugía varía tanto: “anular” la acción de las plaquetas no es lo mismo que “anular” la acción de los factores de coagulación.

Medicamentos antiplaquetarios

(aspirina, clopidogrel/Plavix, ticagrelor/Brilinta, prasugrel/Effient)

Estos medicamentos impiden que las pequeñas células sanguíneas llamadas plaquetas se unan entre sí para formar un coágulo.

  • La aspirina y el clopidogrel (así como el prasugrel) actúan de forma irreversible: una vez que el fármaco llega a una plaqueta, dicha plaqueta queda inactiva para el resto de su vida. El cuerpo no puede reactivarla. La única forma de volver a tener una coagulación normal es generar plaquetas nuevas; estas viven solo unos 7–10 días, y aproximadamente el 10 % se renueva cada día. Por eso, un breve descanso en el tratamiento apenas surte efecto; en cambio, un descanso lo suficientemente largo para ser significativo dejaría sin protección a un stent cardíaco o a la persona frente al riesgo de un accidente cerebrovascular durante una semana. Por este motivo no le pedimos que los suspenda: el pequeño riesgo de sangrado queda compensado por el riesgo de formación de coágulos.
  • El ticagrelor actúa de forma reversible: libera a la plaqueta en lugar de desactivarla de manera permanente, por lo que se elimina del organismo un poco más rápido que los fármacos irreversibles.
  • Se deben seguir tomando la aspirina y el clopidogrel. No los suspenda antes de la operación, incluyendo los comprimidos combinados (DuoCover, DuoPlidogrel, Piax Plus Aspirin). Le preguntamos si los toma para que el equipo médico esté al tanto y pueda planificar en consecuencia. Si realmente fuera necesario suspender algún anticoagulante, la indicación aparecería en el correo con los detalles de la cirugía; si dicho correo no contiene tal indicación, continúe tomando todos los medicamentos como de costumbre.

Anticoagulantes

Estos actúan más adelante en la cascada de coagulación, sobre los factores de coagulación presentes en la sangre, en lugar de sobre las plaquetas.

Warfarina (Coumadin, Marevan). La warfarina impide que el hígado produzca varios factores de coagulación dependientes de la vitamina K. No elimina los factores que ya circulan; estos deben agotarse y ser eliminados de forma natural, lo cual lleva aproximadamente 5 días. Nuestra indicación es suspender la warfarina 48 horas antes de la intervención, de modo que el día de la operación aún ejerza cierto efecto. Esto es normal; si necesitamos realizar un análisis de sangre (INR) antes de la cirugía, lo programaremos y se lo informaremos.

Los fármacos más recientes: ACOs (apixaban/Eliquis, rivaroxaban/Xarelto, dabigatran/Pradaxa, edoxaban). Cada uno bloquea un único factor de coagulación específico, y el cuerpo los elimina rápidamente, con una vida media de unas 12 horas. Debido a su rápida eliminación, 48 horas son suficientes para que prácticamente desaparezcan del organismo. Infórmenos si padece problemas renales, pues en ese caso el fármaco tarda más en ser eliminado (especialmente el dabigatran, que se elimina mayormente por los riñones). No requieren monitoreo del INR.

Inyecciones de heparina/heparina de bajo peso molecular (enoxaparina/Clexane). Son de acción breve y se usan para prevenir la formación de coágulos. Como su efecto desaparece en pocas horas, si recibe este tipo de inyecciones le indicaremos el momento exacto en que debe aplicarse la última dosis.

Por qué el momento de la interrupción es ese — en una sola línea

Dos reglas, una para cada tipo de medicamento.

Medicamentos antiplaquetarios (aspirina, clopidogrel y los comprimidos combinados): continúe tomándolos. Una interrupción breve aporta poco beneficio, y una interrupción prolongada es peligrosa; por eso no le pedimos que la haga.

Anticoagulantes (warfarina, Xarelto, Eliquis, Pradaxa): la última dosis debe tomarse 48 horas antes de la operación. En la práctica:

  • Si la operación es lunes: la última dosis debe ser la noche del viernes anterior, o la mañana del sábado, según el horario habitual en el que los tome.
  • Si la operación es viernes: la última dosis debe ser la noche del martes anterior, o la mañana del miércoles.

En el correo con los detalles de su cirugía se indican el día y la hora exactos para usted.

Qué debe hacer

  • Lleve una lista exacta de todos los medicamentos que toma para la evaluación preoperatoria, incluyendo la aspirina y suplementos como el aceite de pescado, que también afectan la coagulación.
  • Si toma aspirina o clopidogrel, continúe tomándolos y asegúrese de informárnoslo.
  • Si toma un anticoagulante, siga al pie de la letra el día y hora de la última dosis indicados en el correo con los detalles de la cirugía, así como las instrucciones para reanudar su uso que se le den posteriormente.
  • Nunca interrumpa, inicie ni modifique por su cuenta un anticoagulante, y no asuma que el momento de tomarlo coincide con el de un amigo.
  • Informe a todo profesional médico involucrado de que está tomando anticoagulantes.

Después de su operación

Se reanuda la administración de anticoagulantes una vez que el riesgo de hemorragia se ha estabilizado; a veces, al día siguiente; otras veces, después de una cirugía de mayor riesgo hemorrágico, se tarda más tiempo. Se le indicará exactamente cuándo debe reanudarse el tratamiento. El coágulo que el medicamento previene no desaparece simplemente porque usted se haya sometido a una operación; por eso, reanudar el tratamiento a tiempo es tan importante como suspenderlo.

Llámenos si

  • Se da cuenta de que tomó una dosis que le indicaron que omitiera, o omitió una dosis que debía tomar.
  • Presenta hematomas o sangrado inusual o intenso, sangre en la orina o en las heces, heces negras y alquitranadas, o sangrado que no cesa.
  • No está seguro de cómo debe tomar su anticoagulante antes de la operación: siempre consulte en lugar de adivinar.

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