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Meniscectomía parcial

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a su problema específico de rodilla. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen para determinar la causa de sus síntomas.

La meniscectomía parcial es una cirugía mínimamente invasiva mediante la cual se extirpa la parte dañada del menisco, ese fragmento de cartílago que amortigua los movimientos de la rodilla. Generalmente la recomendamos cuando un fragmento desgarrado del menisco provoca bloqueos, atascos o dolor que no cede con otros tratamientos. En casos de desgaste natural del menisco, primero probamos con fisioterapia y cambios en las actividades; la cirugía se considera únicamente si estos tratamientos no logran mejoría suficiente. Si su rodilla se bloquea o cede con frecuencia, la cirugía podría ser recomendada antes. El objetivo de la operación es aliviar ese dolor causado por el atrapamiento del menisco y ayudar a que su rodilla vuelva a moverse y funcionar con normalidad. En pacientes adecuados, este procedimiento suele resolver bien los síntomas: la mayoría de quienes se someten a esta operación exclusivamente por un desgarro de menisco afirman que sus molestias en la rodilla han desaparecido.

Antes de la operación

Una vez que haya programado la cirugía, le daremos instrucciones claras que deberá seguir en los días previos. Deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes de la hora de su llegada. Pedimos que sean siete horas en lugar de seis para poder adelantar su operación si el programa quirúrgico avanza antes de lo previsto. Infórmenos sobre cualquier medicamento que tome, especialmente los anticoagulantes, ya que algunos podrían necesitar ser suspendidos. Lleve un listado escrito de dichos medicamentos el día de la intervención. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la cirugía, y use ropa holgada y cómoda. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista, el médico encargado de administrar la anestesia. La mayoría de los pacientes no requieren ninguno de estos trámites.

El día de la intervención

Ese día, acudirá a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Allí conocerá al anestesista. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se aplica un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día.

Posteriormente, será conducido al quirófano, donde se lleva a cabo la intervención. Una vez finalizada, despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Cuando su estado sea estable, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y su recuperación. Muchas personas regresan a casa el mismo día.

¿En qué consiste la operación?

La meniscectomía parcial se realiza mediante dos o tres pequeñas incisiones mínimamente invasivas alrededor de la rodilla; cada una mide aproximadamente un centímetro de longitud. El cirujano introduce una cámara delgada por una de las incisiones para visualizar el interior de la articulación en una pantalla. A través de las demás incisiones, utiliza instrumentos finos para acceder al menisco dañado, ese fragmento de cartílago que amortigua los movimientos de la rodilla.

El objetivo es extirpar únicamente la parte deteriorada y desgarrada del menisco, preservando la mayor cantidad posible de tejido sano. La mayoría de los desgarros que no pueden suturarse se alisan y moldean cuidadosamente, de modo que el menisco restante siga cumpliendo su función amortiguadora. Durante la intervención, el cirujano también examina el resto de la rodilla y puede tratar cualquier fragmento suelto o que cause interferencias.

Una vez finalizada la resección, se retiran los instrumentos y las pequeñas incisiones se cierran con puntos de sutura y se cubren con un apósito. Gracias a la mínima invasividad, esta operación suele requerir menos tiempo de hospitalización y una recuperación más rápida en comparación con las técnicas quirúrgicas abiertas tradicionales para el menisco.

Al despertar en la sala de recuperación, tendrá un apósito acolchado sobre la rodilla. Dejamos este vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días, de modo que pueda ducharse con él sin necesidad de retirarlo en casa.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su rodilla tendrá un vendaje acolchado; puede ducharse con él puesto, sin necesidad de quitárselo. Dejamos el vendaje durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiamos o lo retiramos cuando vengamos a verlo. El dolor suele ser leve a moderado, y su equipo médico le administrará medicamentos para mantenerlo cómodo. La mayoría de los pacientes caminan con la rodilla el mismo día de la operación, a menudo utilizando muletas por un breve período. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de volver a casa. Su equipo le informará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, su rodilla estará adolorida e hinchada. El dolor suele ser leve a moderado; su equipo médico le administrará medicamentos para mantenerlo cómodo. La mayoría de las personas lo manejan bien sin necesidad de analgésicos fuertes. El descanso, el hielo y mantener la pierna elevada alivian la molestia. La hinchazón disminuye gradualmente durante las siguientes semanas.

Comenzará a caminar con la rodilla afectada, a menudo utilizando muletas por un breve período. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios sencillos para recuperar la fuerza y el rango de movimiento de la rodilla. Estos ejercicios son fundamentales: realizarlos según las indicaciones favorece la recuperación funcional de la rodilla. Puede moverse por la casa y realizar tareas cotidianas ligeras según se sienta capaz. Evite girar bruscamente, pivotar o levantar cargas pesadas hasta que la rodilla se sienta estable y su cirujano o fisioterapeuta lo autorice. El vendaje se mantiene durante unos 10 días, por lo que puede ducharse con él puesto.

A medida que la hinchazón disminuye y la movilidad regresa, las actividades diarias se vuelven más fáciles. Una vez que su cirujano le dé permiso para conducir, deberá ser capaz de reaccionar en una frenada de emergencia y no estar tomando analgésicos fuertes. Nuestra guía sobre conducción tras cirugía de extremidad superior explica estas normas en detalle. Cuando la rodilla se sienta fuerte y no presente molestias, podrá reincorporarse al trabajo y a la práctica deportiva de forma gradual, siguiendo las indicaciones de su fisioterapeuta.

La recuperación varía según cada persona. Su cronograma personal puede diferir; su cirujano y fisioterapeuta lo guiarán en todo momento.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

La decepción más frecuente es que la rodilla no mejore, o que la mejora sea solo temporal. Si el dolor por atrapamiento o el bloqueo de la rodilla reaparecen tras una mejora inicial, infórmenos en su próxima consulta. A veces, una artroscopia posterior revela que el menisco sigue dañado, lo que permite planificar un tratamiento adicional.

Esta intervención elimina parte del cartílago amortiguador de la rodilla, por lo que con el tiempo la superficie articular soporta mayor carga. En algunas personas esto deriva en artrosis por desgaste, que se manifiesta como rigidez, hinchazón y dolor que empeoran gradualmente en lugar de mejorar. Si meses o años después su rodilla se vuelve más rígida o hinchada en lugar de mejorar, coméntelo en la siguiente revisión para que se evalúe.

Al haber menos cartílago amortiguador, la probabilidad de necesitar una prótesis de rodilla en el futuro es mayor que si se hubiera reparado el menisco. Esto no se nota a diario, pero es importante tenerlo en cuenta al decidir. Si tiene dudas sobre cómo afecta esto a su caso, plantee sus preguntas antes de la operación o en cualquier revisión.

Algunas personas requieren una nueva intervención en la misma rodilla; esto puede deberse a que los síntomas nunca desaparecieron o a que aparece nuevo daño meniscal posteriormente. Esté atento a la reaparición de síntomas como atrapamiento, bloqueo o inestabilidad tras un período de mejoría, y avísenos si ocurre.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas habituales, por si desea conocer los datos exactos.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

La mayoría de las personas se recuperan sin problemas, pero algunos síntomas requieren atención inmediata. Llámenos si tienen fiebre, o si la piel alrededor de los pequeños cortes se vuelve más roja, hinchada o comienza a segregar líquido. Llámenos si el dolor empeora repentinamente. Acudan a urgencias si presentan hinchazón o dolor en la pantorrilla, o dificultad para respirar, ya que estos síntomas pueden indicar la presencia de un coágulo sanguíneo. Acudan a urgencias si la pierna se entumece, cambia de color o no pueden moverla. Cuando tengan dudas, llámenos.


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