Skip to content

Patients › Hand

Marsupialización de la eponiquia para la paroniquia crónica

Updated Sep 2026

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza por proponer las opciones menos invasivas adecuadas para su condición. La paroniquia crónica consiste en una hinchazón y sensibilidad prolongadas de los pliegues cutáneos alrededor de la uña. Generalmente se debe a la exposición repetida al agua, como agua fría durante varias semanas; esto permite que bacterias y levaduras proliferen en la piel ablandada. Con frecuencia probamos primero tratamientos no quirúrgicos, como terapia manual, uso de férulas, pomadas o comprimidos. Si estos no logran mejoría suficiente, la cirugía podría ser el siguiente paso.

La operación se denomina marsupialización eponiquial: consiste en realizar una pequeña abertura en el pliegue cutáneo situado en la base de la uña para que el tejido inflamado subyacente pueda drenar libremente. En ocasiones, también se extrae la propia lámina ungueal. El objetivo es curar la paroniquia permitiendo que el tejido hinchado drene sin obstáculos; esto debería aliviar el dolor y favorecer la cicatrización del pliegue ungueal. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare.

Antes de la operación

Su cirujano examinará su dedo y podría solicitar estudios de imagen como radiografías, resonancia magnética o ecografía para planificar la operación. La mayoría de las personas no necesitan otros exámenes. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia. Lleve consigo una lista de todos los medicamentos que toma actualmente, incluyendo pomadas y comprimidos. Su cirujano le indicará qué medicamentos debe suspender antes de la cirugía y cuándo hacerlo. No debe ingerir alimentos durante siete horas antes de la operación. Pedimos que sea siete horas en lugar de seis para poder adelantar la hora de la cirugía si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después del procedimiento. El día de la operación, use ropa cómoda y holgada.

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Posteriormente, conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. A continuación, será llevado al quirófano, donde se llevará a cabo la intervención.

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras le vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y su recuperación.

Qué implica la operación

El cirujano realiza una pequeña incisión en el pliegue cutáneo situado en la base de la uña; este pliegue se denomina epóniquio. Dicha incisión permite que el tejido hinchado e inflamado que se encuentra debajo drene libremente; ese drenaje es el objetivo principal de la operación.

En ocasiones, se extirpa todo el pliegue cutáneo de la base de la uña en una sola pieza, método conocido como excisión en bloque. Asimismo, el cirujano puede retirar la propia lámina ungueal si esta presenta irregularidades o daños, pues ello favorece la cicatrización del pliegue cutáneo. El tejido inflamado responsable de la formación de la nueva uña se ubica justo bajo dicho pliegue; al exponerlo, la hinchazón retenida puede salir.

Posteriormente, se coloca un vendaje sobre la zona. Usted se irá a casa con el vendaje puesto, y nuestro equipo le enseñará cómo cuidar el dedo durante la consulta de seguimiento, aproximadamente 10 días después.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán de cerca mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su dedo tendrá un vendaje, y le mostraremos cómo cuidarlo. El dolor suele ser leve tras esta operación; para la mayoría de las personas, un analgésico sencillo es suficiente. Puede moverse con normalidad y usar la mano con suavidad. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de regresar a casa. Su equipo le informará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. En la mayoría de los casos, no se requieren antibióticos después de esta operación. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando venga a la consulta.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, el dedo estará sensible y ligeramente hinchado en el lugar donde se realizó la incisión. Esto mejora gradualmente. Por lo general, un analgésico sencillo es suficiente; además, mantener la mano elevada sobre una almohada mientras descansa puede aliviar el dolor pulsátil. Puede usar la mano con cuidado en las tareas domésticas, pero evite sumergirla en agua o ejercer presión sobre el pliegue ungueal.

El vendaje permanece puesto durante unos 10 días, por lo que la mayor parte de sus actividades cotidianas pueden continuar con normalidad. Puede vestirse, cocinar y realizar tareas ligeras una vez que se sienta cómoda. Evite agarrar objetos pesados, realizar trabajos con agua y cualquier actividad que pueda golpear el dedo hasta que la piel haya cicatrizado por completo.

Al retirar el vendaje en la consulta de seguimiento, es posible que el área abierta aún esté en proceso de curación. Con el tiempo, el pliegue ungueal se asienta y la uña nueva crece lentamente desde la base. Sabrá que todo avanza bien cuando el dolor disminuya, la hinchazón desaparezca y pueda agarrar cosas y usar el dedo sin molestias.

La terapia de la mano posterior a la cirugía la realiza Ruby Doolan en Extend Rehabilitation. Ella le guiará en los ejercicios y confeccionará una férula si fuera necesario.

La recuperación varía según cada persona. Su cronograma puede ser distinto; su cirujano y terapeuta le brindarán orientación en todo momento.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden presentarse problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

En algunos casos, una infección alrededor de la uña no mejora con el tratamiento inicial. Si dicha infección se extiende a los tejidos blandos del dedo, podría notar hinchazón y enrojecimiento que se propagan desde el pliegue ungueal, un dedo que se siente caliente al tacto o dolor que empeora en lugar de mejorar. Si esto ocurre, llame a la clínica; si se siente mal o el enrojecimiento se extiende rápidamente, acuda al servicio de urgencias.

La infección también puede afectar al hueso del dedo; esto se conoce como osteomielitis. Se manifiesta como un dolor profundo y palpitante que no cede con analgésicos comunes, acompañado de hinchazón y sensibilidad continua en la zona ósea. El dedo puede verse enrojecido y caliente. Este cuadro requiere tratamiento inmediato; por ello, contacte a la clínica ese mismo día o acuda a urgencias si el dolor es intenso.

Si el tratamiento inicial de una infección en el pliegue ungueal no resulta eficaz, el problema puede volverse crónico. Es posible que la hinchazón y el dolor alrededor de la uña reaparezcan durante semanas o meses, con pliegues cutáneos enrojecidos y sensibles que empeoran tras la exposición al agua. Comente esto en su próxima consulta para ajustar el plan terapéutico.

El lecho ungueal, es decir, el tejido situado bajo la lámina ungueal del cual crece la uña, también puede sufrir daños permanentes si la infección no se trata a tiempo. Podría observar que la uña crece gruesa, con surcos o deformada, o que simplemente no crece. Indique cualquier cambio de este tipo en su próxima revisión.

La intervención quirúrgica conlleva un riesgo bajo de complicaciones, y la probabilidad de que la hinchazón y el dolor reaparezcan después de la operación es también mínima. No obstante, si durante la recuperación nota algo preocupante —como aumento del dolor, enrojecimiento progresivo o secreción en la zona quirúrgica—, comuníquese con la clínica en lugar de esperar a su próxima cita.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas habituales, por si desea conocer los datos específicos.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

La mayoría de las recuperaciones transcurren sin problemas, pero existen ciertos signos que requieren atención inmediata. Llámenos si tiene fiebre, si el enrojecimiento o el secreto de la herida empeoran, o si el dolor se vuelve repentinamente intenso. Acuda a urgencias si presenta hinchazón en la pantorrilla, dificultad para respirar o dolor en el pecho. Llámenos de inmediato si su dedo se entumece, se siente frío o no puede moverlo. Si tiene alguna duda, llame a la clínica. Preferimos que nos contacte a tiempo antes de que tenga que esperar en casa.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

Cutaneous Anatomy and Functional Units

  • The dorsal integument of the distal phalanx is a unique cutaneous unit characterized by the presence of the nail bed and its matrix [3].
  • The dorsal covering of the interphalangeal articulations of the digits forms a unique cutaneous unit that exhibits a considerable excess of skin when the digits are in extension [3].
  • The fine, tight skin of the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanx constitutes a distinct functional cutaneous unit [3].
  • The palmar integument of the digits is subdivided into phalangeal units separated by digital flexion folds, with three folds for the fingers and two for the thumb [3].
  • When a digit is completely flexed, the integument of adjacent phalanges comes into contact at the flexion creases, establishing areas of cutaneous contact in the form of a diamond [3].
  • The sides of the diamond-shaped cutaneous contact zones do not undergo variations in length during flexion and extension movements [3].
  • Incisions made along the lines of the diamond-shaped cutaneous contact zones present a minimal chance of retraction [3].
  • The web spaces are formed from the union of two nonsymmetrical cutaneous surfaces [3].
  • The dorsal slope of the web space has a gradual incline and its supple skin is not adherent to the subjacent region [3].
  • The palmar surface of the web space is flat and precipitously interrupted, with skin that is densely adherent to the commissural skeleton [3].
  • The commissural skeleton of the web space is formed by the interdigital palmar (natatory) ligament between the fingers and by the distal transverse ligament at the level of the thumb web [3].
  • The distal transverse ligament at the level of the thumb web is the deepest and most mobile component of the commissural skeleton [3].

Vascular Anatomy

  • The arteries of the thumb vary in both size and number, making surgical reconstruction delicate [8].
  • The palmar aspect of the thumb is divided into three segments defined by the opposition, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal creases [8].
  • In the classical layout, the "princeps pollicis" artery crosses the first intermetacarpal space and runs along the ulnar side of the first metacarpal bone [8].
  • The "princeps pollicis" artery emerges onto the subcutaneous palmar tissue at the level of the cutaneous flexion crease of the metacarpophalangeal joint [8].
  • At the metacarpophalangeal joint level, the "princeps pollicis" artery divides into two terminal rami known as the collateral palmar arteries of the thumb [8].
  • The collateral palmar arteries of the thumb run along the digital tunnel symmetrically and are of equal caliber [8].
  • The collateral palmar arteries of the thumb head distally to finally unite in the pulp arcade [8].
  • During their transit in the digital tunnel, the collateral palmar arteries break off into numerous collateral branches that are cutaneous, articular, or osseous [8].
  • An arcade located deep in the flexor tendon joins the two collateral arteries at the level of the distal metaphysis of the first phalanx [8].
  • Vessels originating from the subtendinous arcade at the distal metaphysis of the first phalanx enter the "vincula" and irrigate the flexor tendon [8].
  • Only 15% of anatomical dissections of the palmar arteries of the thumb fall into the classical "typical" category [8].
  • In the second segment of the thumb, the two arteries run alongside the flexor tendon and behind the collateral nerves [8].
  • In the second segment of the thumb, the main artery is typically the ulnar collateral artery [8].
  • The subtendinous anastomosis situated at the level of the neck of the first phalanx acts as a "moderator" between the two collateral arteries [8].
  • In cases where the palmar ulnar collateral artery is absent, the dorsal artery takes its place by means of a branch through the subtendinous arcade [8].
  • In the pulp segment of the thumb, the two arteries are of similar size and run through the thick fatty subcutaneous padding [8].
  • In the pulp segment of the thumb, the arteries cross over and convert into the ends of the digital nerves at the level of the median axis [8].
  • The posterior area of the thumb is vascularized by two arteries which originate from the palmar arteries at the level of the first metacarpal [8].
  • These dorsal arteries run laterally along the metacarpophalangeal joint and continue obliquely from volar to dorsal before heading distally on the side of the two distal phalanges [8].
  • At the level of the neck of the first phalanx, an anastomosis originating from the palmar arteries can be found on the dorsal aspect [8].
  • The dorsal arteries of the thumb are joined by three arcades: one inconstant arcade under the extensor tendon at the neck of the first phalanx, the arcade of the nail matrix, and the arcade of the nailbed [8].
  • The ulnar dorso-collateral artery generally stems from the "princeps pollicis" onto the medial border of the neck of the first metacarpal [8].

General Hand Architecture

  • The hand consists of 19 bones, 17 articulations, and 19 muscles situated entirely within the hand [2].
  • The hand contains about the same number of tendons activated by the forearm muscles as it has intrinsic muscles [2].
  • The open hand, with fingers extended and in contact, forms a balanced graceful oval in its longitudinal axis [2].
  • The proximal "carpometacarpal" half of the hand is flattened, presenting two faces with unique anatomical and functional significance [2].
  • The posterior or dorsal aspect of the hand is convex, while the anterior, palmar, or volar aspect is concave [2].
  • The distal half of the hand is separated into five digits which flex toward the palm [2].
  • The digits converge in closing by flexing and adducting, and diverge in opening by extending and abducting [2].
  • The thumb has a more proximal and lateral position, allowing movement inward and outward from the palm [2].
  • The four fingers are the distal extension of the carpometacarpal part of the hand [2].
  • The hinges of finger movements are located at the thenar crease and at the transverse distal palmar crease, not at the bases of the digits [2].
  • When the fingers are extended and separated, the tips of the fingers lie on the circumference of a circle whose center is the head of the third metacarpal [2].
  • The web space of the thumb is the largest and deepest among the digital web spaces [2].

Investigations

  • Clinical evaluation of the hand and wrist requires combining patient history with a careful physical examination to pinpoint or narrow the scope of possible pathologic processes [1].
  • Diagnostic tests such as imaging and serum laboratory studies are useful in determining pathology but can be expensive, time consuming, and often nonspecific [1].
  • A careful physical examination is essential to direct care and future testing if indicated [1].
  • An 8-MHz Doppler tone assessment may be used to identify superficially displaced neurovascular bundles when Dupuytren cords lie beneath soft fleshy prominences [11].
  • False-negatives are possible with 8-MHz Doppler tone assessment for identifying neurovascular bundles [11].
  • Doppler imaging is a promising improvement over handheld Doppler assessment but higher resolution imaging technology is needed [11].
  • MR assessment of Dupuytren’s disease is hindered by the resolution of current equipment, orientation issues due to multiplanar deformities of the fingers, and lack of intraoperative availability [11].
  • MRI is probably most useful in identifying additional pathology such as flexor tendon bowstringing [11].
  • MRI may be helpful in providing a quantitative noninvasive measure of cellularity of affected areas, which is an index of biologic activity [11].
  • The potential staging tool of MRI for measuring cellularity has not been investigated yet on a large scale [11].

References

[1] Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 13 Ebook Without Multimedia. Anatomy, Evaluation, Clinical Examination, and Imaging > Evaluation and Clinical Examination: Current Concepts.

[2] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. INTRODUCTION.

[3] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. Functional cutaneous units.

[8] Exam Of The Hand Wrist 2Ed. Techniques of investigation of the arterial supply by J P Melki > Vascularization of the thumb > Palmar aspect.

[11] Dupuytren S Disease And Related Hyperproliferative Disorders. 54. The Future of Dupuytren’s Research and Treatment > 54.4 Mechanical Measurements and Procedures > 54.4.4 Imaging.

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International


Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees


Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.