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Discectomía lumbar

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de columna de nuestro consultorio, recomienda la discectomía lumbar únicamente cuando esta se adapta claramente a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, lo examinamos y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen para confirmar el diagnóstico.

La discectomía lumbar consiste en extraer la parte de un disco desgastado o desplazado en su espalda baja que está comprimiendo un nervio. El disco actúa como un cojín entre los huesos de la columna; cuando se abulta o se rompe, puede provocar dolor de espalda y en las piernas, a menudo acompañado de entumecimiento o debilidad.

Por lo general, primero intentamos un tratamiento no quirúrgico: reposo breve, analgésicos, medicamentos antiinflamatorios y una vuelta gradual a las actividades cotidianas. Este tratamiento se mantiene durante al menos 6 a 12 semanas, si es posible. La mayoría de las personas mejoran sin necesidad de cirugía, y muchos discos se reducen de tamaño por sí solos con el tiempo. La cirugía se considera cuando el dolor sigue siendo insoportable, cuando aparece o empeora algún daño nervioso, o cuando el tratamiento no quirúrgico no ha producido mejoría suficiente tras 3 meses.

El objetivo de la operación es aliviar la presión sobre el nervio, de modo que el dolor en la pierna disminuya y usted pueda moverse y funcionar con mayor comodidad.

Antes de la operación

En las semanas previas a la cirugía, confirmamos el plan mediante estudios como radiografías o resonancias magnéticas. Estos permiten visualizar el disco que está comprimiendo el nervio y nos ayudan a planificar la operación. Recibirá instrucciones claras sobre sus medicamentos, incluyendo cuáles debe suspender y en qué momento. También se le indicará cuándo debe dejar de comer y beber: solicitamos un ayuno de siete horas para poder adelantar su operación si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa, ya que no podrá conducir por sí mismo. Lleve una lista de los medicamentos que toma actualmente y vístase con ropa holgada y cómoda. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista antes del día de la intervención.

El día de la intervención

Llega usted a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para el quirófano. Conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de administrarle la anestesia y controlar el dolor durante la operación. Esta intervención se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. A continuación, será conducido al quirófano, donde se llevará a cabo la operación.

Una vez finalizada la intervención, despertará usted en la sala de recuperación. Las enfermeras permanecerán a su lado y lo vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Cuando su estado sea estable, será trasladado a una sala de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa ese mismo día, según el tipo de procedimiento y cómo evolucione su recuperación. Si decide volver a casa, alguien deberá llevarlo, tal como se acordó previamente.

¿En qué consiste la operación?

La discectomía lumbar se realiza mediante una pequeña incisión en la zona lumbar, justo sobre el nivel del disco afectado. El cirujano trabaja a través de dicha incisión para acceder a la columna vertebral. El objetivo es sencillo: liberar el nervio que está siendo comprimido por el disco protruso.

Una vez que el nervio se aparta con cuidado, el cirujano extrae la porción del disco que ejerce presión sobre él. Solo se retira la parte dañada o protrusa; el resto del disco permanece en su lugar, ya que sigue cumpliendo la función de amortiguador entre los huesos de la columna. Extraer más disco del necesario no reduce el riesgo de que vuelva a protrusionar, por lo que el cirujano retira únicamente lo indispensable.

En algunas intervenciones se utiliza un microscopio o una pequeña cámara (endoscopio) para visualizar el disco con claridad mediante una incisión más pequeña. Estas técnicas se conocen como técnicas mínimamente invasivas. Su cirujano elegirá el método más adecuado para su caso y le explicará cuál se ha planificado para usted.

Al finalizar, la incisión se cierra con puntos de sutura y se cubre con un apósito. Deberá mantener dicho apósito durante unos 10 días, tal como se describe en la sección de recuperación.

La operación en sí suele durar poco tiempo; posteriormente, será trasladado a la sala de recuperación, tal como se indica en la sección anterior.

Después de la operación

Al despertar, se encontrará en la sala de recuperación; las enfermeras permanecerán a su lado mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Sentirá molestias en la espalda, en el lugar donde se realizó la incisión; le administraremos analgésicos para mantenerlo cómodo. Algunas personas presentan fiebre leve o sensibilidad alrededor de la herida durante los primeros días; la presencia de un pequeño drenaje cerca de la incisión puede ayudar a solucionarlo. Podrá caminar poco después de la operación y, en algunos casos, incluso ducharse el mismo día. Su equipo médico le indicará si podrá irse a casa ese mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Por favor, organice que alguien se quede con usted durante las primeras 24 horas. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; no lo retire antes de ese plazo, a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando vengamos a verle.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, lo importante es el confort. Sentirá molestias en la zona de la incisión en la espalda; el dolor en la pierna debería ir disminuyendo a medida que el nervio se estabiliza. Se recomienda caminar desde el principio, y podrá ducharse el mismo día de la operación. Deje el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; lo cambiaremos o lo retiraremos cuando venga a la consulta.

Con el paso de los días, irá realizando progresivamente más actividades. Deberá evitar flexiones fuertes, levantar pesos y girar el cuerpo mientras su espalda sana. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios que fortalezcan sus músculos y le devuelvan la confianza para moverse. Algunas personas notan una disminución temporal de su actividad durante el primer mes, pero la mayoría vuelve a moverse con total libertad en un plazo de tres meses.

La recuperación completa requiere tiempo y varía según cada persona. Su cronograma personal puede ser distinto; su cirujano y fisioterapeuta le asesorarán al respecto. Podrá conducir una vez que deje de tomar analgésicos fuertes y sea capaz de reaccionar ante una frenada de emergencia. Nuestra guía específica sobre conducción explica este tema con mayor detalle.

Si su trabajo es físico, la vuelta a él será un proceso gradual; hablaremos con usted para determinar el momento adecuado. El objetivo de la recuperación es sencillo: menos dolor en la pierna, mayor facilidad para moverse y un regreso progresivo a las actividades que disfruta.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

El disco puede volver a abultarse en el mismo lugar después de la cirugía. Esto puede provocar el regreso del dolor en la pierna o en la espalda, a veces acompañado de entumecimiento o debilidad nueva. Si esto ocurre, infórmenos en su próxima consulta; si el dolor es intenso, llame a la clínica antes.

Algunas personas necesitan otra operación en la misma zona de la espalda. Esto puede deberse a que el disco volvió a abultarse o a otras causas relacionadas con la primera intervención. Si nota que el dolor en la pierna regresa tras un período de alivio, hable con nosotros cuanto antes en lugar de esperar.

En casos muy poco frecuentes, la fina cubierta que rodea el nervio puede desgarrarse durante la cirugía. Puede observar secreción líquida procedente de la herida, o un dolor de cabeza que empeora al estar de pie y mejora al acostarse. Comuníquelo a la clínica de inmediato.

Las infecciones son poco comunes pero posibles. Esté atento a un dolor profundo y palpitante que no ceda con analgésicos comunes, enrojecimiento que se extiende desde la herida o secreción. Si siente fiebre y escalofríos, o si la herida parece empeorar en lugar de mejorar, llame a la clínica o acuda a urgencias.

Algunas personas experimentan sensaciones extrañas en la pierna tras la cirugía, como hormigueo, ardor o una sensación anómala al tacto. Esto puede ocurrir cuando el nervio se ha irritado. Mencione esto en su revisión; con frecuencia estas sensaciones desaparecen en unos días o semanas.

En casos muy excepcionales, puede aparecer dificultad para respirar poco después de este tipo de cirugía laparoscópica. Si de repente le cuesta respirar en las primeras horas posteriores a la operación, avise a una enfermera de inmediato.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas, si desea conocer los datos específicos.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

Confíe en su instinto. Si algo le parece anormal, llámenos. Comuníquese con la clínica si tiene fiebre, si la herida se vuelve más roja o comienza a supurar líquido, o si el dolor empeora repentinamente. Acuda a urgencias si presenta hinchazón o dolor en la pantorrilla, o dificultad para respirar. Diríjase de inmediato a urgencias si pierde la sensibilidad en la pierna o el pie, o si no puede moverlos. Estos síntomas requieren una evaluación urgente; preferimos que nos contacte antes de que espere.


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