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La vida cotidiana después de una cirugía de hombro

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Formas prácticas y que se pueden hacer con una sola mano para lavarse, vestirse, dormir y sobrellevar el día, mientras el brazo operado permanece en un cabestrillo.

Una persona con un brazo en cabestrillo que intenta abrochar los botones de su camisa con una sola mano.
Para manejar el día a día, mantengo el brazo operado en un cabestrillo; la ropa de apertura frontal y algunos trucos para usar una sola mano facilitan las cosas. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Durante las primeras semanas después de la cirugía del hombro, el brazo debe permanecer en un suspensorio.
La mano sigue funcionando normalmente (puede agarrar objetos, escribir y usar el teléfono), pero el brazo en sí necesita mantenerse apoyado y en reposo. La reparación realizada requiere tiempo para cicatrizar sin interrupciones; por eso, el brazo no debe levantarse, estirarse ni soportar peso hasta que el médico lo autorice. La buena noticia es que casi todas las actividades cotidianas pueden realizarse con una sola mano, siempre que se apliquen algunos trucos y se planifique un poco. Esta página sirve como guía práctica complementaria a nuestra guía sobre el uso del suspensorio (esa guía explica cómo colocarlo y por cuánto tiempo debe usarse); esta, en cambio, trata sobre cómo sobrellevar el día a día.

Seamos sinceros desde el principio: para la mayoría de las personas, las primeras dos semanas son las más difíciles; muchas necesitan ayuda para lavarse, vestirse y realizar ciertas tareas domésticas al inicio. Esto es totalmente normal y temporal; con el paso de las semanas, todo se vuelve más fácil. Contar con algo de ayuda de antemano marca una gran diferencia.

Lavado y ducha

Buenas noticias en cuanto al lavado: sus vendajes son impermeables, por lo que puede ducharse y dejar que el agua caiga sobre ellos; una ducha normal está bien. La regla es dejar que el agua salpique, pero no frotar ni remojar: no frote el vendaje con una esponja o paño, y evite los baños, la natación o mantener el hombro bajo el agua, ya que esto podría levantar los bordes del vendaje y permitir que el agua penetre hasta la herida. Deje que el agua corra sobre la zona y luego seque dando suaves golpecitos (sin frotar). Si el vendaje se despega por los bordes o se afloja, déjelo tal cual y avísenos. Muchas personas utilizan un taburete de ducha durante las primeras semanas (así se reduce el riesgo de resbalar cuando se está desequilibrado y con un solo brazo).

Por lo general, puede quitarse el cabestrillo para lavarse, pero el principio es mantener el brazo inmóvil y bien apoyado, sin usarlo. Deje que descanse a lo largo del cuerpo o sobre su regazo. Si su cirujano lo ha autorizado, puede inclinar el cuerpo suavemente hacia adelante y dejar que el brazo cuelgue relajado desde el hombro, aprovechando la gravedad en lugar de sus propios músculos, de modo que el brazo permanezca completamente relajado. Jamás levante ni estire el brazo activamente para lavarse.

La axila del lado operado es la más complicada, pues no puede levantar el brazo para alcanzarla. La solución consiste en inclinar el torso lejos de ese lado y dejar que el brazo se relaje y se desplace suavemente hacia afuera por su propio peso; esto abre suficientemente la axila para limpiarla y secarla con un paño o toallita húmeda, así como para aplicar desodorante. Deje que la gravedad haga el trabajo; no levante el hombro para ganar espacio.

Lavar el cabello y la espalda resulta realmente difícil con un solo brazo. Una esponja de mango largo ayuda para la espalda. En cuanto al cabello, lo más sencillo es inclinarse sobre el lavabo o pedir ayuda a alguien durante la primera o segunda semana; no merece la pena hacer contorsiones que puedan sobrecargar el hombro. Si prefiere esperar, el champú seco puede servirle durante unos días.

Cómo vestirse

Elija su ropa para la semana teniendo en cuenta el cabestrillo:

  • Piezas holgadas y de apertura frontal. Las camisas con botones o cremallera en la parte delantera, los cárdigans y las camisetas de tirantes con amplias aberturas para los brazos son mucho más fáciles de usar que cualquier prenda ajustada. Evite los botones y ganchos pequeños y complicados cuando esté usando un solo brazo.
  • Evite las prendas que se ponen por la cabeza. Las camisetas y sudaderas ajustadas que deben colocarse por encima de la cabeza obligan al hombro a realizar exactamente los movimientos que queremos evitar.
  • Vístase primero con el brazo operado y quíteselo al final. Introduzca con cuidado el brazo inmovilizado en la manga antes que el brazo sano, y saque primero este último al desvestirse. De este modo, el hombro operado no tendrá que estirarse para alcanzarlo.
  • Zapatos fáciles de poner. Los cordones son casi imposibles de manejar con una sola mano; los zapatos sin cordones o con velcro evitan muchas frustraciones. Los cordones elásticos son una solución económica para los zapatos que ya posee.

El sueño

El sueño suele ser lo más difícil durante las primeras semanas, y una de las fuentes de frustración más comunes; sin embargo, mejora progresivamente a medida que el hombro se calma. Acostarse boca arriba hace que el brazo se desplace hacia atrás y tire del hombro; por eso la mayoría de las personas duermen mucho mejor en posición semirrecta: en un sillón reclinable, o apoyadas en varias almohadas o en un cojín para la espalda en la cama.

Hay algunos detalles que marcan una gran diferencia:

  • Soporte para todo el brazo. Coloque una almohada debajo del codo y el antebrazo para evitar que tire hacia abajo del hombro; también ponga una almohada al costado para no girar hacia el hombro operado mientras duerme.
  • Alivie el dolor primero. Muchas personas toman analgésicos unos treinta minutos antes de acostarse, de modo que actúen justo al momento de irse a dormir.
  • Cuide la faja. Una camiseta fina o un top debajo de la faja evita que esta roce o irrite el cuello durante la noche.

Si debe usar la faja mientras duerme y por cuánto tiempo, se explica en nuestra guía específica sobre el uso de la faja.

Comer, cocinar y tareas del hogar

En su mayoría, estas tareas se pueden realizar con la mano sana y con la mano de agarre del lado operado; lo clave es deslizar y estabilizar en lugar de levantar:

  • Deslice ollas pesadas, platos y la tetera a lo largo de la encimera en lugar de cargarlos. Llene la tetera solo hasta el nivel necesario para que sea más ligera.
  • Una alfombrilla antideslizante debajo de un bol o tabla de cortar permite que una sola mano haga el trabajo de dos. Los accesorios sencillos para una sola mano (abridor de frascos, protector de platos, cubiertos con hoja oscilante) son económicos y realmente útiles.
  • Prepare las cosas con antelación. Cocinar en grandes cantidades y tener algunas comidas fáciles a mano antes de la cirugía, así como colocar objetos cotidianos (taza, cereales, medicamentos) a la altura de la encimera para alcanzarlos sin estirarse, eliminan muchas dificultades diarias.
  • Pida ayuda con las tareas pesadas o complicadas: cestas de ropa llenas, compras, cambiar la ropa de cama, cualquier cosa que requiera dos manos para levantar. No hay nada que demostrar esforzándose con estas tareas; deje que el hombro sane.

Mantenga en movimiento el resto del brazo

El cabestrillo sirve para inmovilizar el hombro, no todo el brazo. A menos que se le haya indicado lo contrario, mueva con suavidad y de forma regular las partes que se le permiten mover:

  • Mano y muñeca: abra y cierre los dedos, y haga círculos con la muñeca, unas cuantas veces por hora. Esto las mantiene flexibles y ayuda a reducir la hinchazón.
  • Codo: si su cirujano lo ha autorizado, saque el brazo del cabestrillo unas cuantas veces al día y estire y flexione el codo con cuidado (manteniendo el hombro inmóvil) para evitar que se vuelva rígido.
  • Postura: es fácil adoptar una postura encorvada para proteger el brazo en cabestrillo. Siéntese erguido, lleve suavemente los omóplatos hacia atrás de vez en cuando y gire el hombro sano, para aliviar la tensión en el cuello y la parte superior de la espalda que el cabestrillo suele provocar.

Estos son principios generales; las indicaciones específicas para usted tienen prioridad. Cada intervención quirúrgica conlleva sus propias recomendaciones, por lo que si nuestras instrucciones escritas o su fisioterapeuta indican algo distinto respecto a su codo o hombro, siga esas indicaciones.

Cuándo buscar ayuda

La mayor parte de la recuperación transcurre sin incidentes; sin embargo, póngase en contacto con nosotros, con su médico de cabecera o busque atención urgente si observa cualquiera de los siguientes síntomas:

  • Dolor que aumenta y no se controla con los analgésicos recetados, o que de repente empeora considerablemente.
  • Problemas en la herida: enrojecimiento que se extiende, calor, hinchazón, o secreción de líquido o pus desde la herida, especialmente si hay fiebre o malestar general.
  • Dedos entumecidos, fríos, pálidos o azulados, o muy hinchados: esto puede indicar que el cabestrillo o el vendaje están demasiado apretados, o que la circulación se ve afectada. Afloje el cabestrillo y consulte a un profesional de inmediato.
  • Dolor en la pantorrilla, hinchazón o enrojecimiento en una pierna, o dificultad respiratoria repentina o dolor torácico: estos síntomas pueden ser señal de un coágulo sanguíneo y requieren atención médica urgente. En caso de dificultad respiratoria o dolor torácico súbitos, llame al 000.

Cuando tenga dudas, siempre es mejor preguntar. Preferimos recibir noticias suyas a tiempo antes de que tenga que esperar y preocuparse.


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