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Quiste de Baker

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Qué está sintiendo

Un quiste de Baker es un acumulo de líquido que se forma detrás de la rodilla. Generalmente se percibe como un bulto o una sensación de hinchazón en la parte posterior de la rodilla, que a veces se extiende hasta la pantorrilla. Puede sentirse tenso, especialmente al doblar o estirar completamente la rodilla.

Con frecuencia, el bulto se vuelve más evidente después de hacer actividad física; además, puede doler por la noche o al ponerse de pie por primera vez. Agacharse profundamente, arrodillarse o caminar cuesta abajo pueden empeorar la molestia. En algunas personas, la hinchazón disminuye con el descanso y vuelve a aparecer al estar de pie durante mucho tiempo.

En adultos, esta acumulación de líquido casi nunca constituye un problema por sí sola; suele indicar que algo está ocurriendo dentro de la articulación de la rodilla, con mayor frecuencia un desgarro del menisco, que es el cartílago elástico situado entre los huesos. Este problema subyacente suele ser la causa del dolor, no el quiste en sí.

La vida cotidiana puede verse afectada. Agacharse para ponerse zapatos y calcetines puede resultar incómodo; levantarse de una silla baja, agacharse para recoger algo del suelo o arrodillarse en el jardín también pueden volverse difíciles. Si el quiste crece mucho, la presión en la pantorrilla puede impedir doblar la rodilla por completo o caminar con comodidad.

En ocasiones, el quiste puede filtrar líquido o romperse. Cuando esto sucede, el líquido se extiende a la pantorrilla, provocando hinchazón y dolor repentinos, similares a los de un calambre. Si su pantorrilla se calienta, se hincha mucho o le duele de forma desproporcionada respecto a cualquier actividad realizada, debe buscar atención médica de inmediato.

La mayoría de los quistes detrás de la rodilla se comportan de esta manera; sin embargo, no todo bulto en esa zona es un quiste de Baker. Existen otras causas posibles, y se utilizan estudios de imagen para diferenciarlas. La resonancia magnética, que genera imágenes detalladas del interior de la rodilla, es el método preferido, ya que permite visualizar tanto el quiste como cualquier alteración en la articulación.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Imagine que la articulación de la rodilla es un espacio sellado revestido por una capa fina y resbaladiza que produce líquido. Ese líquido permite que la articulación se mueva sin fricción. Cuando algo en el interior de la rodilla se irrita, como un menisco desgarrado, dicha capa produce más líquido del habitual. Como la articulación no tiene espacio suficiente para contenerlo todo, parte de él se escapa a través de una pequeña abertura natural en la parte posterior de la rodilla y se acumula en un pequeño saco allí. Ese saco se hincha, formando el bulto que se puede palpar. Funciona como una válvula unidireccional: el líquido puede entrar, pero no puede salir fácilmente.

Ese saco es, en realidad, una parte normal de la anatomía humana. La mayoría de las personas tenemos uno detrás de la rodilla, situado entre dos tendones que mueven la articulación. Solo se convierte en un problema cuando se llena de líquido y se estira. Por tanto, el quiste actúa como un mensajero: nos indica que la articulación interna está sufriendo algún tipo de alteración. Tratar únicamente el bulto suele ser insuficiente, pues la “válvula” permanece abierta y el líquido sigue acumulándose.

Por eso el dolor y la rigidez que se sienten no dependen únicamente del tamaño del quiste; provienen de la misma causa que lo genera: el desgaste o daño interno de la articulación. Una vez que se resuelve ese problema subyacente, el quiste suele reducirse o desaparecer por sí solo, sin necesidad de intervención alguna.

En los niños la situación es distinta. En ellos, estos quistes casi nunca están relacionados con ningún problema interno de la articulación, y con el tiempo suelen desaparecer por sí solos.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando resultan necesarios para determinar cuál es el problema.

Dado que un quiste de Baker suele ser señal de algún problema dentro de la articulación, el tratamiento comienza por ahí. Normalmente probamos primero el tratamiento no quirúrgico: esto implica modificar las actividades que irritan la rodilla y realizar fisioterapia, la cual fortalece la articulación y mejora su movilidad, con el objetivo de reducir la inflamación que genera el quiste. Es recomendable seguir este tratamiento durante varias semanas. En algunos casos, los quistes disminuyen de tamaño una vez que se resuelve el problema subyacente, sin necesidad de intervención quirúrgica.

Si estas medidas sencillas no son suficientes, el siguiente paso es la cirugía artroscópica. El cirujano observa el interior de la rodilla mediante pequeñas incisiones y una cámara diminuta; así identifica la causa del quiste y la trata. Esto puede implicar resecar un menisco desgarrado o alisar el cartílago dañado. El quiste mismo puede drenarse o corregirse en el mismo procedimiento, a menudo mediante una pequeña incisión adicional en la parte posterior de la rodilla. Una vez corregido el problema articular, el quiste suele desaparecer y rara vez reaparece. En comparación con la cirugía abierta, la artroscopia genera heridas menores, menos sangrado, una operación más breve y no requiere colocar un yeso.

La cirugía abierta se reserva para quistes grandes, situados en la parte posterior de la rodilla o que persisten a pesar de haberse realizado la artroscopia. En este caso, el cirujano extirpa el quiste mediante una incisión en la parte posterior o interna de la rodilla. Este método es seguro y sencillo, y se ejecuta de forma tal que se protejan los nervios y vasos sanguíneos que transitan por esa zona.

Le explicaremos los resultados de sus estudios de imagen, qué implica cada opción terapéutica y cuál sería nuestra recomendación en su caso. La decisión quirúrgica es compartida, y no es necesario decidir nada el mismo día.

Qué esperar

En la mayoría de los adultos, el quiste de Baker no desaparece por sí solo mientras el problema interno en la articulación sigue provocándolo. Por sí sola, la atención no quirúrgica suele ser insuficiente. El bulto puede reducirse durante un tiempo y volver a llenarse, ya que el líquido sigue fluyendo a través de esa válvula unidireccional. Si el problema articular subyacente se trata adecuadamente, el quiste suele estabilizarse y rara vez reaparece.

Si se opta por el tratamiento artroscópico, el objetivo es corregir lo que está alimentando al quiste. Una vez logrado esto, el quiste suele desaparecer o reducirse; a veces, la parte restante simplemente es absorbida por el cuerpo con el tiempo. La herida suele cicatrizar sin problemas. El tratamiento artroscópico es un procedimiento relativamente sencillo; quienes lo han experimentado refieren estar satisfechos con el resultado y señalan una baja probabilidad de que el quiste reaparezca.

Su cirujano será sincero con usted respecto a lo que la cirugía puede y no puede lograr. Eliminar únicamente el quiste, sin tratar la articulación, no constituye una solución duradera para la mayoría de las personas; el bulto tiende a volver. Por eso el tratamiento se centra en el interior de la rodilla, no solo en el bulto que se forma detrás de ella.

Existen aspectos a considerar. Extirpar la pared del quiste además de drenarlo aumenta las posibilidades de que el quiste se resuelva por completo; sin embargo, este procedimiento lleva un poco más de tiempo y conlleva un riesgo ligeramente mayor de complicaciones que el simple drenaje. Su cirujano evaluará esto junto con usted, basándose en los resultados de sus estudios de imagen.

Existe un riesgo poco frecuente pero grave que debe vigilarse: si el quiste se rompe y usted toma medicamentos anticoagulantes, el líquido que se acumula en la pantorrilla puede elevar la presión allí y dañar el músculo. Si su pantorrilla se calienta, se hincha mucho o le duele de forma desproporcionada respecto a cualquier actividad que haya realizado, busque atención médica de inmediato.

¿Cuándo consultar a un profesional?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si nota un bulto detrás de la rodilla que sigue creciendo, o si presenta hinchazón y molestias persistentes que no mejoran con el reposo. En adultos, los quistes detrás de la rodilla suelen estar relacionados con algún problema dentro de la propia articulación, como un menisco roto; por eso conviene examinar toda la rodilla y no solo el bulto.

Solicite una evaluación especializada si las medidas sencillas no han surtido efecto tras varias semanas, o si se requieren estudios de imagen para determinar la causa. La resonancia magnética es el método habitual, ya que permite visualizar tanto el quiste como cualquier anomalía en el interior de la articulación.

Acuda a urgencias si la pantorrilla se vuelve caliente, muy hinchada o dolorosa de forma desproporcionada respecto a cualquier actividad que haya realizado, especialmente si toma medicamentos anticoagulantes. La ruptura de un quiste puede elevar la presión en la pantorrilla y dañar el músculo; por ello es necesaria una evaluación inmediata.


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