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Tendinopatía rotuliana

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Qué está sintiendo

La tendinopatía rotuliana, comúnmente conocida como “rodilla del saltador”, se caracteriza por dolor e hinchazón en el tendón situado justo debajo de la rótula. Por lo general, aparece de forma gradual y no como consecuencia de una lesión única. Al principio, se nota dolor después de realizar actividad física, como tras jugar al netball o correr. Con el tiempo, el dolor puede aparecer incluso durante la actividad, llegando a limitar sus capacidades en la cancha o el campo de juego.

El punto doloroso suele estar en la parte inferior de la rótula, donde el tendón se inserta en el hueso. Al presionar allí, se siente sensibilidad. Los saltos, carreras y otras actividades que someten al tendón a carga intensa empeoran los síntomas. Extender la rodilla contra resistencia, como al levantarse de una silla baja o al subir escaleras, también puede resultar doloroso. Algunas personas perciben que la rodilla “cede” momentáneamente; esto ocurre porque el dolor provoca una relajación temporal de los músculos del muslo.

En casos crónicos, el dolor persiste incluso en reposo. Permanecer sentado durante largos periodos, ya sea frente a un escritorio o durante un viaje en coche, puede mantener la molestia activa. El dolor y la hinchazón suelen desarrollarse lentamente a lo largo de meses o años, sin aparecer de forma repentina.

Este tipo de problemas tendinosos son frecuentes en personas que practican deportes que implican saltos; sin embargo, también se observan en la población general. Músculos del muslo tensos, superficies de juego duras y entrenamientos frecuentes aumentan la carga sobre el tendón. El sobrepeso también está relacionado con esta afección.

Si lleva tiempo sufriendo este dolor, probablemente habrá notado que afecta a su práctica deportiva y a sus actividades cotidianas. Agacharse en el jardín, arrodillarse, levantarse del suelo o salir del coche pueden volverse incómodos. En algunas personas, el dolor empeora al despertar o tras permanecer sentadas, para luego aliviarse ligeramente al ponerse en movimiento.

El grado de avance de la enfermedad suele clasificarse en etapas: dolor después de la actividad, dolor durante y después de la actividad, o dolor que limita la capacidad de realizar dicha actividad.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El tendón rotuliano es un cordón resistente que conecta la parte inferior de la rótula con el hueso de la espinilla. Puede imaginarse como una cuerda compuesta por numerosas fibras finas alineadas para ejercer fuerza conjuntamente. Cada vez que salta, aterriza o empuja, esta “cuerda” soporta la carga. Al subir escaleras, soporta aproximadamente 3 veces el peso de su cuerpo.

El problema comienza en el punto donde dicha cuerda se fija a la rótula, en sus fibras más profundas. Allí es donde se aplican las mayores fuerzas cuando la rodilla se flexiona bajo carga; además, esa zona cuenta con un flujo sanguíneo escaso. Al haber menos sangre circulando, el tejido tiene dificultades para repararse. Las cargas intensas y repetidas provocan entonces pequeñas lesiones que nunca llegan a curarse del todo. Con el tiempo, las fibras se degradan y se vuelven desorganizadas, y la zona afectada del tendón puede engrosarse.

Esta lesión no es lo mismo que un desgarro o una inflamación del tendón. Se trata de un desgaste progresivo del propio tejido, a veces denominado tendinosis. No contiene células inflamatorias, por lo que no se comporta como una lesión típica que provoca hinchazón y posterior desaparición de los síntomas. Nuevos vasos sanguíneos pequeños pueden desarrollarse en la zona dañada; se cree que están relacionados con el dolor que usted siente. El punto doloroso en la parte inferior de la rótula y el dolor al estirar la rodilla contra resistencia se deben a esa zona desgastada y engrosada del tendón.

Esta afección se describe en distintas fases, que coinciden con las actividades que aún puede realizar. En la primera fase, el dolor aparece únicamente después de la actividad. En la segunda, aparece tanto durante como después de la actividad. En la tercera fase, el dolor limita sus posibilidades de jugar o entrenar. En la mayoría de los casos se trata sin cirugía; sin embargo, se considera la intervención quirúrgica cuando el dolor y la hinchazón persisten tras un período adecuado de tratamiento no quirúrgico.

Un dato adicional importante: los mismos cambios pueden darse en un tendón sin provocar ningún tipo de dolor; por eso, las imágenes obtenidas mediante pruebas de imagen no siempre coinciden con cómo se siente su rodilla.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y solicitamos estudios de imagen si es necesario. En el caso de un problema crónico como este, normalmente iniciamos con tratamiento no quirúrgico y solo consideramos la cirugía si este no logra mejorías suficientes.

El primer paso consiste en modificar la carga que recibe el tendón. Reducir o ajustar las actividades como saltar, correr y entrenar, que agravan el dolor, permite que el tejido se estabilice. Posteriormente, la fisioterapia se encarga de fortalecer la rodilla y el muslo de forma gradual y progresiva. El uso de cintas adhesivas o fajas debajo de la rótula también puede ser útil para algunas personas; los hombres con síntomas leves parecen obtener mejores resultados con este tipo de fajas. Le recomendamos probar este enfoque durante varios meses antes de juzgar su eficacia.

Los comprimidos antiinflamatorios pueden aliviar el dolor a corto plazo. No utilizamos inyecciones de cortisona para esta afección, ya que aumentan el riesgo de ruptura del tendón. Otras inyecciones se consideran en ocasiones cuando el tratamiento estándar no ha surtido efecto. La terapia con ondas de choque, que emplea ondas sonoras para estimular la cicatrización, puede ser beneficiosa cuando otros tratamientos han fracasado. Las inyecciones de plasma rico en plaquetas, sustancia extraída de su propia sangre que podría favorecer la curación, constituyen una opción para casos persistentes, y a menudo se combinan con un programa de rehabilitación. Asimismo, ciertas inyecciones dirigidas a los nuevos vasos sanguíneos que se forman en el tendón han mejorado la función de la rodilla y reducido el dolor; algunas personas logran volver a realizar actividades que implican carga sobre el tendón tras recibir este tratamiento.

La cirugía se contempla cuando el dolor y la hinchazón persisten tras un período adecuado de tratamiento no quirúrgico. La intervención quirúrgica elimina la parte dañada del tendón y fomenta la cicatrización en el punto de inserción con la rótula. En algunos casos, si una parte importante del tendón se ha desgarrado, también es posible reconstruirlo. La cirugía artroscópica constituye una alternativa para el dolor que no cede con otros tratamientos. Analizaremos conjuntamente si la cirugía es adecuada para usted, y usted tomará la decisión junto con nosotros.

Qué esperar

La mayoría de las personas con esta afección mejoran sin necesidad de cirugía. El tratamiento principal consiste en cuidados no quirúrgicos: modificar las actividades habituales y realizar ejercicios progresivos de fortalecimiento. Esto requiere tiempo; vale la pena intentarlo durante varios meses. Algunos tendones se recuperan por completo con este enfoque; sin embargo, en ciertas personas el dolor persiste durante años incluso con una buena rehabilitación, y en las imágenes no se observa que todo el tendón vuelva a la normalidad.

Si el dolor no disminuye, se considera la cirugía. Para quienes llegan a este punto, la intervención mejora notablemente el dolor y la funcionalidad diaria; la mayoría de los atletas vuelven a practicar su deporte. Los beneficios tras la cirugía artroscópica se mantienen al menos durante 3 años. No obstante, no todos recuperan su nivel previo: solo alrededor de la mitad de quienes se sometieron a cirugía de limpieza tendinosa volvieron a competir al nivel anterior. En cualquier caso, la mayoría de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía experimentan alivio de sus síntomas.

Conviene conocer algunas advertencias importantes. En ciertas personas la afección reaparece, especialmente en futbolistas de élite. Determinadas formas de la rodilla, en las que la rótula se sitúa más arriba de lo normal, se asocian a casos que no responden a la cirugía actual; en estos casos podría ser necesario otro tipo de intervención. Si una parte considerable del tendón está desgarrada, reconstruirlo junto con la eliminación del tejido dañado reduce el riesgo de complicaciones.

También hay prácticas que deben evitarse. Las inyecciones de cortisona no se utilizan para esta afección, pues aumentan el riesgo de ruptura tendinosa. Los esteroides anabólicos conllevan el mismo riesgo tanto para este tendón como para el tendón del muslo.

Por otro lado, los atletas que regresan a la actividad tras el tratamiento no ven afectada la duración de su carrera ni su rendimiento. Un recurso útil a corto plazo son los ejercicios isométricos: consisten en mantener el músculo contraído sin mover la articulación; estos ejercicios reducen el dolor tendinoso de inmediato, y el alivio dura al menos 45 minutos.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si siente dolor en la parte inferior de la rótula que reaparece tras entrenar o practicar deportes, o si el dolor se presenta tanto durante la actividad como después de ella. Solicite una evaluación especializada si el dolor le impide jugar o entrenar como antes, si le duele incluso en reposo o al permanecer sentado durante largos periodos, o si el problema persiste durante meses a pesar del descanso y la fisioterapia. Busque atención médica de inmediato si al presionar ese punto le duele con la rodilla recta pero no cuando está doblada, ya que este patrón indica un problema en el propio tendón. Asimismo, si de repente su rodilla “cede” y no puede enderezarla contra la gravedad, podría tratarse de una rotura tendinosa; en ese caso, es necesario realizar una evaluación urgente.


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