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Lesión del ligamento colateral medial

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

El ligamento colateral medial se encuentra en la parte interna de su rodilla. Puede lesionarse cuando la rodilla recibe un empuje hacia el interior, o cuando se produce una torsión sin que nada impacte directamente contra ella. Las lesiones de menor gravedad suelen ocurrir durante una torsión; las lesiones de mayor gravedad, en cambio, suelen ser consecuencia de un impacto directo en la parte externa del muslo o de la pierna.

Sentirá dolor en la cara interna de la rodilla, a lo largo de la trayectoria del ligamento. La rodilla también puede sentirse inestable o “suelta”, sobre todo al soportar peso. La aparición inmediata de hinchazón es algo que debe comunicar a su cirujano, ya que puede indicar otras lesiones internas, como un desgarro del ligamento cruzado, una fractura o una rótula desplazada de su posición normal.

Con esta lesión, ciertas actividades resultan más difíciles. Caminar sobre terreno irregular puede generar sensación de inestabilidad. Levantarse de una silla baja implica cargar peso sobre la parte interna de la rodilla. Girar o pivotar sobre la pierna afectada, por ejemplo al rodear a alguien en un pasillo, puede provocar dolor. Al subir escaleras hay que tener cuidado, pues cada paso exige que la parte interna de la rodilla mantenga la estabilidad.

El dolor suele intensificarse tras realizar actividad física, una vez que la rodilla ha estado en uso durante un tiempo. También puede manifestarse como molestia nocturna, especialmente en los primeros días posteriores a la lesión. El reposo de la pierna y la evitación de movimientos de torsión suelen ayudar a aliviarlo.

Si la rodilla se siente inestable cuando está ligeramente flexionada, esto concuerde con un estiramiento o desgarro de este ligamento. Si, en cambio, se siente inestable con la pierna completamente extendida, podría indicar afectación de otros ligamentos situados en la parte posterior o central de la rodilla. Su cirujano evaluará ambas posiciones para determinar el alcance real de la lesión.

Las pruebas de imagen ayudan a confirmar el diagnóstico. La resonancia magnética permite identificar el punto exacto del desgarro y si el menisco u otras estructuras internas de la rodilla también resultaron dañadas. Los rayos X se utilizan para detectar fracturas, pequeños fragmentos óseos desprendidos por la lesión y la presencia de calcificaciones en el ligamento derivadas de lesiones previas.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El ligamento colateral medial es una fuerte banda de tejido que recorre la parte interna de la rodilla, desde el fémur hasta la tibia. Puede considerarse como una de las cuerdas que mantienen firme una tienda de campaña. Cuando la rodilla se ve sometida a fuerzas que la empujan hacia adentro o la torsionan, esa “cuerda” se estira o se desgarra. El desgarro suele producirse en el punto donde el ligamento se une al fémur; ese lugar cuenta con buena irrigación sanguínea, por lo que estas lesiones suelen curarse por sí solas.

Los médicos clasifican la lesión según cuán inestable se sienta la rodilla. Una lesión de grado 1 implica que el ligamento está estirado, pero sigue cumpliendo su función. El grado 2 indica un desgarro parcial y una sensación de inestabilidad en la rodilla. El grado 3 significa que el ligamento está completamente roto y la rodilla resulta muy inestable. La mayoría de las lesiones de grados 1 y 2 se resuelven sin necesidad de cirugía. En cambio, las lesiones de mayor grado suelen afectar a otros ligamentos de la rodilla, especialmente al ligamento cruzado central; esta combinación es lo que frecuentemente lleva a optar por la cirugía.

Cuando el ligamento interno se desgarra gravemente, la rodilla puede abrirse por el lado interno al recibir presión. Otras estructuras, como el ligamento cruzado, normalmente ayudan a mantener la estabilidad; por eso, cuando hay desgarros en varios lugares, la rodilla se siente mucho más inestable que cuando el desgarro es único. Algunas personas también sufren lesiones en el menisco, el tejido cartilaginoso que amortigua el contacto entre los huesos; sin embargo, esto es menos frecuente en este tipo de lesiones.

Si la lesión ocurrió hace mucho tiempo y nunca sanó adecuadamente, el cuerpo puede depositar pequeñas cantidades de calcio en el ligamento, cerca del fémur. Esto se observa en las radiografías y constituye una señal de que se trata de un problema crónico y persistente, no de una lesión reciente.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a su lesión específica. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En la consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando es necesario.

La mayoría de las lesiones del ligamento colateral medial no requieren cirugía. Normalmente comenzamos con el uso de una ortesis y fisioterapia. Una ortesis de rodilla con bisagras sirve para sostener el lado interno de la rodilla mientras el ligamento cicatriza. La fisioterapia tiene como objetivo controlar el dolor, restaurar el movimiento y recuperar la fuerza necesaria para mantener la estabilidad de la rodilla. Muchas lesiones se resuelven en semanas en lugar de meses; por ello, realizamos seguimientos periódicos para evaluar su evolución.

El alivio del dolor es sencillo: los analgésicos y antiinflamatorios comunes, tomados según las indicaciones, le ayudarán a sentirse cómodo y a seguir moviéndose mientras el ligamento sana.

La cirugía se considera cuando la rodilla sigue siendo inestable a pesar del uso de la ortesis y la fisioterapia, o cuando existen lesiones simultáneas en otros ligamentos de la rodilla. Un ligamento gravemente desgarrado que haya arrancado un fragmento óseo, o una rodilla que cede debido a lesiones en varios ligamentos, pueden requerir reparación o reconstrucción de forma inmediata. En esos casos, intervenimos para volver a fijar o reconstruir los ligamentos dañados y así recuperar la estabilidad de la rodilla. La operación en sí misma cuenta con su propia página informativa; antes de tomar cualquier decisión, le explicaremos en detalle en qué consiste.

Qué esperar

La mayoría de estas lesiones evolucionan favorablemente. Las lesiones de menor gravedad suelen curarse sin cirugía, en cuestión de semanas en lugar de meses. Primero disminuye el dolor; luego, a medida que se sigue el programa de fisioterapia, vuelven la fuerza y la estabilidad. Muchas personas recuperan la capacidad de caminar y realizar sus actividades diarias mucho antes de que el ligamento se haya curado por completo.

Si la lesión es más grave, o si al mismo tiempo se han desgarrado otros ligamentos de la rodilla, el pronóstico dependerá de recibir el tratamiento adecuado a tiempo. Cuando se lesionan tanto el ligamento medial como un ligamento cruzado, el tratamiento dirigido a ambos produce resultados similares a los obtenidos al tratar únicamente la lesión del ligamento cruzado. Algunas personas con esta combinación de lesiones vuelven a practicar deportes al nivel que hacían antes.

Si se deja sin tratar una rodilla que presenta inestabilidad en varias direcciones, esta inestabilidad suele persistir. La rodilla puede seguir siendo inestable al girar o pivotar, y con el tiempo las superficies cartilaginosas pueden desgastarse de forma desigual. La cirugía para reconstruir los ligamentos inestables puede devolverle la estabilidad; muchas personas vuelven después a sus actividades cotidianas y a practicar deportes de bajo impacto.

La recuperación tras la cirugía dura más que la recuperación de la propia lesión. Es normal que la rodilla se sienta rígida y tensa durante las primeras semanas; se necesitan meses de fisioterapia para recuperar la fuerza. Aun tras un buen resultado, algunas personas siguen percibiendo que su rodilla no es exactamente igual que antes. La cirugía en varios ligamentos a la vez conlleva más riesgos que la cirugía en uno solo: infección, rigidez, problemas en la cicatrización y lesión de un nervio situado en la parte externa de la rodilla, que puede provocar entumecimiento o debilidad en el pie.

Hay que tener cuidado de no esperar una solución inmediata. Por lo general el ligamento sana de manera fiable, pero la rodilla puede tardar meses en volver a sentirse fuerte y fiable. Si ya se ha sometido a una cirugía de ligamentos de rodilla, es posible que su rodilla no sea tan estable como antes. En las consultas de seguimiento, una vez que sepamos exactamente qué estructuras están lesionadas y cómo evoluciona su recuperación, analizaremos su pronóstico personal.

Cuándo consultar a un especialista

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si siente dolor en la cara interna de la rodilla tras un giro o un golpe, y este no mejora con el reposo durante las primeras semanas. Solicite una evaluación especializada si siente que la rodilla está inestable o “se afloja” al caminar, girar o pivotar, o si sigue hinchándose después de hacer ejercicio. Diríjase a urgencias si la rodilla se hincha de inmediato tras la lesión, si parece inestable cuando la pierna está completamente estirada, o si el pie se siente entumecido, débil o frío; estos síntomas pueden indicar desgarro de otros ligamentos, una fractura, un desplazamiento de la rótula o un problema nervioso que requiere atención inmediata.


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