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Osteotomía tibial alta

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha sugerido esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, ofrece la osteotomía tibial alta a pacientes cuidadosamente seleccionados que padecen dolor de rodilla debido a artritis por desgaste. La operación consiste en cortar y remodelar el hueso principal de la pierna, la tibia, de modo que el peso corporal se desplace lejos de la zona dañada de la rodilla. Por lo general, la recomendamos a personas jóvenes y activas, a menudo menores de 60 años, con artritis localizada en una sola zona de la rodilla y no en toda la articulación. Es ideal para quienes realizan trabajos físicos o desean seguir practicando deportes.

Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su rodilla y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen. En casos de problemas crónicos como la artritis, primero intentamos tratamientos no quirúrgicos: modificar sus actividades, fisioterapia, el uso de órtesis o inyecciones. La cirugía se plantea únicamente cuando estos tratamientos no logran mejorar sus síntomas de manera suficiente.

El objetivo es aliviar el dolor y permitirle seguir siendo activo, preservando su propia rodilla. La tasa de éxito de la operación supera el 96 % a los 5 años. Analizaremos juntos si esta intervención es adecuada para usted y tomaremos la decisión en conjunto.

Antes de la operación

Una vez decidida la cirugía, la planificamos cuidadosamente. Será necesario realizar radiografías mientras usted está de pie; a veces también se requiere una resonancia magnética, que utiliza imanes para visualizar las partes blandas de la rodilla. Estas imágenes indican dónde se encuentra el cartílago desgastado y nos ayudan a determinar exactamente cuánto debemos remodelar el hueso. En la mayoría de los casos no se necesita nada más. Si padece otras enfermedades, podría requerir análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista, el médico encargado de sedarlo. En los días previos a la intervención, le indicaremos qué medicamentos debe suspender y cuándo. No debe ingerir alimentos durante siete horas antes de la operación; pedimos este tiempo algo mayor de lo habitual para poder adelantar su turno si la agenda quirúrgica lo permite. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa y use ropa holgada y cómoda.

El día de la intervención

Llega usted a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registra y prepara para la cirugía. Conoce al anestesista, el médico encargado de hacerle dormir. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día. A continuación, es conducido al quirófano, donde se lleva a cabo la intervención.

Despierta usted en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilan mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado se estabiliza, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y su recuperación.

Qué implica la operación

La operación se realiza mediante una incisión en la cara interna de la rodilla, sobre la parte superior de la tibia, el hueso principal de la pierna. El cirujano realiza un corte casi completo a través de este hueso y luego abre suavemente la grieta, lo que modifica el ángulo del hueso por debajo de la rodilla. De este modo, el peso corporal se desplaza hacia la zona más sana y menos desgastada de la articulación.

Una vez que el hueso queda en la posición prevista, una placa metálica con tornillos lo fija mientras cicatriza. La placa permanece dentro de la rodilla. En algunos casos, posteriormente se extrae por la misma zona, lo cual puede aliviar los síntomas en ciertas personas. Finalmente, se cierra la incisión y se cubre con un vendaje.

El objetivo de todo este procedimiento es reducir la carga sobre la zona desgastada de la rodilla, lo que contribuye a aliviar el dolor. Antes de la operación, el cirujano planifica cuidadosamente la corrección basándose en sus radiografías en posición de pie, de modo que el hueso se abra exactamente en la medida calculada para su pierna.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su rodilla estará cubierta con un vendaje; es posible que sienta algo de dolor a medida que se disipa la insensibilidad. Las enfermeras le administrarán medicamentos para mantenerlo cómodo. Un fisioterapeuta podría ayudarlo a ponerse de pie y dar algunos pasos, usando muletas, el mismo día de la cirugía o a la mañana siguiente. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de regresar a casa. Su equipo le indicará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiamos o lo retiramos cuando vengamos a verlo.

Recuperación

Los primeros días se centran en el confort. Su rodilla estará adolorida e hinchada, y la piel cerca de la incisión puede sentirse tensa. Los analgésicos ayudan a controlar esto, y el descanso con la pierna elevada contribuye a reducir la hinchazón. Algunas personas notan que la hinchazón es mayor por las tardes al principio; las compresas de hielo, envueltas en una toalla, pueden aliviarla.

Al principio, caminará con muletas, apoyando solo parte de su peso en la pierna mientras el hueso sana. Un fisioterapeuta le guiará en los ejercicios, que comienzan de forma suave: mover la rodilla y mantener activos los músculos del muslo, para luego aumentar gradualmente a medida que el hueso se repara. El vendaje se deja puesto unos 10 días; lo cambiamos o lo retiramos en su siguiente consulta.

En el día a día, necesitará ayuda para subir escaleras y hacer compras durante un tiempo. Puede moverse por la casa, descansar con la pierna elevada y realizar los ejercicios varias veces al día. Normalmente, lo más cómodo es dormir boca arriba con la pierna apoyada. Podrá ducharse una vez que autoricemos la retirada del vendaje.

Los hitos se refieren a acontecimientos, no a fechas concretas. Cuando el hueso haya sanado lo suficiente para soportar todo el peso, la marcha se volverá más estable y las muletas se irán eliminando poco a poco. A medida que recupere la fuerza, podrá hacer caminatas más largas, y luego volver al trabajo y a la práctica deportiva según lo permita su rodilla. La mayoría de las personas vuelven a practicar deporte a un nivel similar o incluso mejor que antes de la operación.

La recuperación varía de una persona a otra. Su cirujano y el fisioterapeuta le guiarán en el cronograma personalizado.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden presentarse problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

El hueso puede tardar en unirse; en casos muy raros, ni siquiera se une. Es posible que note dolor en el sitio de la incisión que no desaparece, o la sensación de que la rodilla “cede”. Si esto ocurre, hágalo saber en su próxima consulta.

En algunas ocasiones, la placa metálica puede resultar molesta. Suele manifestarse como dolor o sensibilidad sobre la placa, especialmente con el frío o después de hacer ejercicio. Si le causa molestias, se puede retirar posteriormente mediante una pequeña incisión en la misma zona. Coméntelo en su revisión médica.

Las infecciones son poco frecuentes, pero pueden ocurrir. Esté atento a enrojecimiento que se extienda desde la herida, calor, hinchazón que empeora en lugar de mejorar, o secreción líquida desde la incisión. También podría sentir fiebre. Si observa cualquiera de estos síntomas, llame de inmediato a la clínica.

Puede formarse un coágulo sanguíneo en las venas profundas de la pierna. Se percibe como hinchazón y sensibilidad repentinas en la pantorrilla, a veces acompañadas de piel caliente al tacto. Si nota esto, contacte a la clínica ese mismo día. Si presenta dificultad para respirar o dolor torácico, acuda a urgencias.

Durante la cirugía, los nervios cercanos a la rodilla pueden resultar comprimidos. Esto puede provocar entumecimiento, hormigueo o debilidad en el pie o los dedos, así como dificultad para levantar el pie. En muchos casos estos síntomas desaparecen por sí solos. Informe a su cirujano en la próxima revisión si los nota.

En raras ocasiones, el hueso corregido puede volver a su posición original. Es posible que note que la rodilla vuelve gradualmente a quedar “fuera de alineación” o que el dolor reaparezca en el lado afectado. Coméntelo en su revisión médica.

Otros problemas posibles incluyen fracturas durante la operación, rigidez en la rodilla, o una condición dolorosa poco común que provoca ardor, sensibilidad e hinchazón mucho después del período normal de cicatrización. Su equipo detectará estos casos y los tratará junto con usted.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas, por si desea conocer los datos exactos.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

La mayoría de los problemas aparecen en las primeras etapas; preferimos conocerlos lo antes posible. Llámenos si tiene fiebre, si el enrojecimiento alrededor de la herida se extiende, o si sale líquido del corte. Llámenos el mismo día si su pantorrilla se hincha y se vuelve sensible de forma repentina. Acuda a urgencias si le cuesta respirar o siente dolor en el pecho. Acuda a urgencias si pierde la sensibilidad en la pierna o el pie, o si no puede moverlos. Llámenos si el dolor empeora bruscamente, o si la hinchazón sigue aumentando después de los primeros días.


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