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Ruptura del cuádriceps y del tendón rotuliano

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

La rotura del tendón cuadriceps o rotuliano suele ocurrir cuando se aplica una carga repentina sobre una rodilla flexionada, como al aterrizar de un salto o al bajar escaleras con fuerza. Es posible que haya sentido un chasquido o sensación de desgarro, seguida de un dolor agudo en la parte frontal de la rodilla. La rodilla se hincha rápidamente, y apoyar peso en esa pierna se vuelve difícil o imposible.

Muchas personas notan señales de alerta previamente. Puede haber tenido dolor, sensibilidad o cierto adelgazamiento del músculo alrededor de la parte inferior o superior de la rótula, o antecedentes de tendinopatía rotuliana. El dolor que aparece gradualmente tras la actividad y luego interfiere también durante el esfuerzo es común en casos de desgaste tendinoso. Con el tiempo, el tendón puede debilitarse antes de romperse.

El problema principal es que no puede enderezar la rodilla contra la gravedad o la resistencia. Enderezar la pierna para levantarse de una silla, subir escaleras o ponerse de pie desde el inodoro resulta difícil o imposible. Caminar solo es posible con ayuda. La rótula también puede situarse más arriba o más abajo de lo normal, ya que el tendón que la sostiene se ha roto.

Algunas personas aún pueden enderezar parcialmente la rodilla, especialmente si la rotura es incompleta o afecta solo parte del tendón. Aun así, la rodilla suele quedar rezagada respecto a la otra pierna al intentar mantenerla recta. La hinchazón dentro de la articulación es frecuente y puede hacer que la lesión parezca más grave de lo que es en realidad.

Si su rodilla cedió durante la práctica deportiva, es posible que otras estructuras internas de la rodilla también hayan resultado dañadas. Su cirujano lo comprobará durante la evaluación.

Estas lesiones requieren tratamiento temprano. Cuando el tendón roto se repara poco después de la lesión, los resultados son más predecibles que cuando el tratamiento se retrasa.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Su rodilla se endereza gracias a la colaboración de una serie de estructuras: el músculo del muslo, el tendón situado por encima de la rótula, la propia rótula y el tendón que se encuentra debajo de ella. Imagine esta cadena como un sistema de cuerdas y poleas: los tendones son las cuerdas, y la rótula es la polea sobre la que se deslizan. Cuando el músculo se contrae, la polea se mueve y la pierna se endereza.

En esta lesión, una de esas “cuerdas” se ha roto. Con frecuencia, la rotura se produce justo en el punto donde el tendón se une a la rótula, que es el punto más débil de toda la cadena. Por lo general, esto ocurre cuando el músculo ejerce mucha fuerza mientras la rodilla está flexionada, como al aterrizar tras un salto. El músculo sigue tirando, pero el tendón ya no puede resistir, por lo que se rompe y la rótula queda desplazada hacia arriba o colgando en el lugar donde se produjo la rotura.

Un tendón sano es extremadamente resistente: se necesita una fuerza superior a 17 veces el peso corporal para romper un tendón rotuliano normal; bajo cargas cotidianas, normalmente sería la propia rótula la que se fracturaría primero. Por eso, cuando un tendón se rompe, suele haber estado debilitándose durante algún tiempo. El desgaste del tendón, a veces denominado tendinopatía, provoca que sus fibras se vuelvan desorganizadas y más finas. Además, la zona desgastada tiene un aporte sanguíneo deficiente, lo que limita su capacidad de autocuración. Por este motivo, algunas personas perciben un dolor de advertencia o notan que el tendón parece más delgado antes de que se rompa por completo.

La rotura puede ser parcial o completa. En el caso de una rotura parcial, algunas fibras aún permanecen unidas, por lo que es posible enderezar la rodilla hasta cierto punto, aunque suele quedar por detrás de la otra pierna. En una rotura completa, que ocurre en el 97 % de los casos de ruptura del tendón rotuliano, no quedan fibras que conecten músculo y hueso, por lo que resulta imposible enderezar la rodilla contra la gravedad. La hinchazón y el dolor intenso se deben a los extremos rotos del tendón y al sangrado en el tejido.

Dado que el tendón no puede volver a unirse al hueso por sí solo mientras el músculo sigue tirando de él, estas roturas generalmente requieren cirugía para restaurar la cadena funcional.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidad superior en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a su lesión específica. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. Nuestra evaluación, que incluye su historia clínica, un examen físico y estudios de imagen cuando es necesario, determina si el desgarro es parcial o completo.

En caso de desgarro parcial, cuando aún puede estirar la rodilla contra la gravedad, normalmente comenzamos sin cirugía. Se mantiene la rodilla en posición extendida mediante un aparato ortopédico durante 4 a 6 semanas, evitando inicialmente flexiones superiores a 90 grados para proteger el tendón. Transcurridas esas semanas, se inician movimientos controlados y ejercicios de fortalecimiento, aproximadamente 6 semanas después de la lesión. Las restricciones se levantan una vez que los músculos del muslo tengan buen control y pueda levantar la pierna estirada sin molestias. Si el tendón ha sufrido desgaste en lugar de un desgarro, lo primero es modificar las actividades físicas, seguido de ejercicios de flexibilidad y fortalecimiento. El uso de cinta adhesiva o una correa bajo la rótula puede ser útil, y los antiinflamatorios ayudan a aliviar el dolor y la inflamación.

El desgarro completo es distinto: como los extremos del tendón se separan y no pueden volver a unirse al hueso por sí solos, recomendamos la cirugía, preferiblemente dentro de las primeras 2 semanas tras la lesión. La reparación realizada entre 2 y 3 semanas después de la lesión es el factor asociado a mejores resultados. Si se retrasa la intervención, los extremos del tendón se retraen y el músculo se acorta, lo que dificulta la operación y hace que los resultados sean menos predecibles. Si ya ha sido sometido a una prótesis de rodilla y este tendón se ha desgarrado, también se recomienda la cirugía, ya que el tratamiento no quirúrgico suele impedir que la pierna se estire por completo.

La operación consiste en volver a fijar el tendón desgarrado a la rótula o unir nuevamente sus extremos; este procedimiento cuenta con su propia página informativa. Si el desgarro es antiguo y el tendón se ha retraído, puede ser necesario movilizar el tejido y reforzar la reparación con un injerto, a menudo un tendón isquiotibial de la misma pierna. Analizaremos los resultados de su examen y de las pruebas de imagen, determinaremos cuál opción se adapta a su caso y le explicaremos en detalle cada procedimiento, para que decida junto con nosotros cómo proceder.

Qué esperar

El pronóstico tras una ruptura tendinosa depende en gran medida del momento en que se realiza la reparación. Cuando el tendón se repara poco después de la lesión, la mayoría de los pacientes recuperan un rango de movimiento funcional y buena fuerza en el músculo del muslo. La reparación temprana, dentro de las 2 a 3 semanas posteriores a la lesión, es el factor más relacionado con mejores resultados. En personas tratadas durante la primera semana, casi todas obtuvieron resultados buenos o excelentes. Si la reparación se retrasa, los resultados son menos predecibles y el músculo del muslo tiende a permanecer más delgado posteriormente.

Incluso tras una reparación bien realizada, algunas cosas pueden no volver a ser como antes. El músculo del muslo puede seguir siendo más pequeño que en el otro lado, aunque esto generalmente no implica que la rodilla sea más débil. Algunas personas también notan dolor en la parte frontal de la rodilla, donde se desliza la rótula; sin embargo, la mayoría de quienes presentan estos cambios no experimentan síntomas. Los atletas a veces descubren que no pueden competir al mismo nivel ni durante el mismo tiempo que antes.

Si la ruptura no se trata, la situación es distinta: el músculo sigue tirando, el extremo del tendón se retrae y la rótula asciende. Con el tiempo, el músculo del muslo se atrofia, y estirar la rodilla contra la gravedad se vuelve difícil o imposible. La pierna puede quedar con una incapacidad persistente para mantenerse recta. Reparar una ruptura en esta fase tardía es una cirugía más compleja, y los resultados suelen ser menos fiables que en reparaciones tempranas.

La recuperación dura meses en lugar de semanas. Al principio, la rodilla se protege con un collarín; luego, el movimiento se introduce gradualmente y se permite la carga corporal a medida que la reparación se fortalece. Muchas personas dejan de usar el collarín alrededor de las 6 semanas. A partir de ese momento, ejercicios de fortalecimiento ayudan a reconstruir el músculo; tarda tiempo hasta que la rodilla vuelva a sentirse estable.

Si otras estructuras dentro de la rodilla también resultaron lesionadas, se tratarán como parte del plan de cuidados, a veces en etapas separadas. Su cirujano le explicará qué implica su ruptura específica para la recuperación y cuál es un resultado realista para usted.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Esta lesión requiere una evaluación inmediata, preferiblemente dentro de las primeras 2 semanas posteriores a su aparición. Acuda a urgencias o solicite una valoración urgente por parte de un especialista si sintió un “chasquido” o desgarro en la rodilla, si no puede enderezarla contra la gravedad, o si no puede soportar peso sobre ella. Lo mismo aplica si, aunque puede enderezar la rodilla, esta queda rezagada respecto a la otra pierna, o si la rótula se encuentra más arriba o más abajo de lo habitual. Consulte a su médico de cabecera sin demora si presenta dolor persistente, sensibilidad al tacto o adelgazamiento en la zona superior o inferior de la rótula, especialmente si tiene antecedentes de tendinitis rotuliana, ya que un tendón desgastado puede desgarrarse sin previo aviso. Informe a su médico si la rodilla “cedió” durante la práctica deportiva, pues es posible que otras estructuras internas de la rodilla también hayan resultado lesionadas.


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