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Artrodesis del tobillo

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico especializado en pie y tobillo en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, recomienda la fusión de tobillo cuando el propio tobillo es la fuente de un dolor persistente. La fusión de tobillo, también conocida como artrodesis de tobillo, une los huesos del tobillo para que dejen de rozarse entre sí. Normalmente la sugerimos a personas con artritis degenerativa de moderada a grave en el tobillo, o artritis que aparece tras una lesión, cuando el dolor y la rigidez limitan su vida cotidiana.

Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado que nos visite, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y, si es necesario, solicitamos estudios de imagen. En primer lugar se suelen aplicar tratamientos no quirúrgicos: modificación de actividades, fisioterapia, uso de órtesis e inyecciones. La cirugía se considera únicamente cuando estas medidas no producen mejoría suficiente.

El objetivo de esta operación es aliviar el dolor que le impide desenvolverse, además de mejorar la funcionalidad y lograr un tobillo estable. Cuando se emplea una técnica adecuada en pacientes seleccionados cuidadosamente, la fusión consigue reducir eficazmente este tipo de dolor. Con las técnicas modernas, en casos estándar y sin complicaciones se esperan tasas de fusión superiores al 90 %. Decidir si la fusión o un reemplazo de tobillo es la mejor opción para usted es una decisión que tomamos conjuntamente, basándonos en el estado de sus articulaciones, su salud general y sus expectativas respecto al tobillo.

Antes de la operación

Una vez que usted y su cirujano hayan acordado realizar la fusión, algunos preparativos sencillos ayudarán a que el día transcurra sin contratiempos. Será necesario realizar estudios por imagen, como radiografías; a veces también resonancia magnética o ecografía, para poder planificar la intervención en su tobillo. No debe comer ni beber durante siete horas antes de la cirugía. Pedimos que sea siete horas en lugar de las seis habituales para poder adelantar su operación si la lista de quirófano lo permite. Su cirujano le indicará qué medicamentos habituales debe suspender y cuándo; le resultará útil llevar una lista por escrito de todos los fármacos que toma. Organice que alguien lo lleve a casa después de la intervención, y use ropa holgada y cómoda. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una evaluación con el anestesista.

El día de la intervención

Llegará a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registrará y preparará para la cirugía. Conocerá al anestesista, quien repasará con usted su historial médico y los medicamentos que toma. Esta operación se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se aplica un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día.

Posteriormente, será llevado al quirófano, donde se realiza la intervención. Después, despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras la anestesia va desapareciendo. Una vez que su estado sea estable, será trasladado a la sala de hospitalización o podrá regresar a casa, según el tipo de procedimiento y su recuperación.

¿En qué consiste la operación?

La artrodesis de tobillo consiste en unir de forma permanente los huesos del tobillo. El cirujano retira el cartílago restante de las superficies articulares para que los huesos puedan fusionarse en una sola pieza sólida. Los tornillos mantienen todo en su lugar mientras los huesos se unen.

La operación puede realizarse de dos maneras. En la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, el cirujano trabaja a través de dos o tres incisiones pequeñas, de aproximadamente 1 cm cada una, utilizando una cámara delgada y pequeños instrumentos. En la cirugía abierta, el cirujano realiza una incisión más grande sobre el tobillo para acceder directamente a la articulación. Ambos métodos persiguen el mismo objetivo: eliminar las superficies articulares dañadas y presionar firmemente los huesos antes de colocar los tornillos.

El cirujano elegirá el método que mejor se adapte a su tobillo. La cirugía mínimamente invasiva suele ser adecuada para tobillos con poca o ninguna deformidad; en cambio, los tobillos con formas irregulares o desalineadas pueden requerir la cirugía abierta. En ocasiones, se añade una pequeña placa a los tornillos para mayor estabilidad. Posteriormente, las incisiones se cierran con puntos de sutura y se cubren con un vendaje.

Al despertar, tendrá el tobillo inmovilizado mediante un yeso o una bota protectora, lo cual mantiene todo en su sitio mientras los huesos se fusionan.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Su tobillo estará cubierto con un yeso o una bota protectora, y las enfermeras le administrarán analgésicos para mantenerlo cómodo. Es normal sentir algo de molestia alrededor del tobillo durante el primer o segundo día. Alguien debe acompañarlo durante las primeras 24 horas después de llegar a casa. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiamos o lo retiramos cuando venga a su consulta. Su equipo médico le informará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si deberá permanecer una noche en el hospital.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días y semanas, es normal experimentar dolor y hinchazón alrededor del tobillo; esto forma parte del proceso de curación. Mantener el pie elevado por encima del nivel del corazón ayuda a reducir la hinchazón, y tomar analgésicos según las indicaciones le permitirá sentirse más cómodo. Por lo general, el malestar disminuye gradualmente a medida que el tobillo se recupera.

Al salir del consultorio, el tobillo quedará cubierto con un yeso o una bota protectora, la cual deberá mantenerse puesta hasta que le indiquemos lo contrario. Dejamos el vendaje en su lugar durante unos 10 días y lo cambiamos o retiramos en su siguiente visita. Al principio, deberá evitar cargar peso sobre el pie, utilizando muletas o un andador para desplazarse por la casa. Su fisioterapeuta le guiará en ejercicios para mantener fuerte el resto de la pierna y mejorar la circulación; además, le enseñará a moverse con seguridad en las escaleras y en su hogar. Al principio, dormir boca arriba con el pie elevado suele ser más cómodo.

Los huesos se unen lentamente, por lo que la paciencia es fundamental. Una vez confirmemos que la fusión ósea ha sanado, le permitiremos empezar a cargar peso sobre el pie, primero con la bota y luego con calzado normal. A medida que la hinchazón disminuya y recupere la confianza, podrá caminar distancias mayores y retomar sus actividades cotidianas. Cuando le dé el visto bueno para conducir, se aplicarán las normas habituales: deberá ser capaz de reaccionar en una frenada de emergencia y no estar tomando analgésicos potentes.

La recuperación varía según cada persona; su cronograma puede diferir, pero le guiaremos en todo el proceso.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden presentarse problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier anomalía a tiempo.

Lo principal que vigilamos tras una artrodesis de tobillo es que los huesos no se unan correctamente. Es posible que note un dolor profundo y sordo en el tobillo que no mejora como cabría esperar, o la sensación de que la articulación está suelta o se mueve al soportar peso. Si el dolor no disminuye a medida que avanza la recuperación, infórmenos en su próxima consulta para que podamos evaluar cómo se están soldando los huesos.

Algunas condiciones médicas aumentan esta probabilidad, como la diabetes, los problemas nerviosos en los pies, la mala irrigación sanguínea ósea, así como el tabaquismo o el consumo excesivo de alcohol. Si usted presenta alguna de estas condiciones, hablaremos de ello antes de la cirugía y vigilaremos más de cerca su proceso de curación posteriormente.

Con el tiempo, las articulaciones adyacentes al tobillo artrodesado también pueden desarrollar artritis por desgaste. Esto suele manifestarse como rigidez o dolor nuevo en la zona media o superior del pie, años después de que la artrodesis haya cicatrizado. Comente cualquier dolor nuevo de este tipo en sus citas de seguimiento para que podamos evaluarlo.

La infección es un riesgo en cualquier intervención quirúrgica. Preste atención a la zona alrededor de la herida: si observa enrojecimiento que se extiende más allá del vendaje, calor, aumento de la hinchazón, secreción o fiebre. Un problema en la herida también puede consistir en que los bordes de la incisión cicatricen lentamente o presenten pequeñas secreciones. Si nota cualquiera de estos signos, comuníquese con la clínica de inmediato, sin esperar a su próxima cita.

Si se siente generalmente mal, con enrojecimiento que se extiende, fiebre o dolor que empeora rápidamente, acuda a urgencias.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas habituales, por si desea conocer los datos específicos.

¿Cuándo deben contactarnos?

La mayoría de las recuperaciones transcurren sin problemas, pero existen ciertos signos que requieren atención urgente. Llámenos si presenta fiebre, enrojecimiento creciente o secreción alrededor de la herida, o si el dolor empeora en lugar de mejorar. Acuda a urgencias si experimenta dolor intenso y repentino, hinchazón en la pantorrilla, dificultad para respirar o dolor torácico; estos síntomas podrían indicar la presencia de un coágulo sanguíneo. Comuníquese con nosotros de inmediato si su pie o dedos se sienten entumecidos, se ven pálidos o azulados, o si no puede moverlos. Cuando no esté seguro, llámenos. Preferimos que nos contacte lo antes posible.


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