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Desgarro y reparación del tendón glúteo

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Por qué se ha recomendado esta operación?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza por valorar las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su cadera y solicitamos las pruebas de imagen que sean necesarias. Un desgarro de los tendones glúteos —los músculos que mantienen estable la pelvis al caminar— se manifiesta como un dolor sordo en el lateral de la cadera que empeora con la presión, al estar de pie y al empujar la pierna hacia afuera.

Estos desgarros suelen producirse por el desgaste progresivo con el tiempo, aunque una caída también puede causarlos. Normalmente iniciamos con tratamientos no quirúrgicos como modificaciones en las actividades, fisioterapia o inyecciones; la cirugía se considera cuando estos tratamientos no logran mejoría suficiente. La reparación quirúrgica se propone cuando tanto los estudios de imagen como el examen clínico confirman que el tendón está desgarrado y que su cadera presenta debilidad. En casos de síntomas graves, la reparación ha aliviado los síntomas en el 95 % de los casos analizados. El objetivo es reducir el dolor, mejorar la fuerza muscular y lograr una mayor estabilidad de la cadera al caminar. Analizaremos esta decisión juntos.

Antes de la operación

Una vez planificada la cirugía, le daremos instrucciones claras para que el día transcurra sin contratiempos. Deberá dejar de comer y beber siete horas antes del procedimiento. Solicitamos ese tiempo de ayuno, en lugar de uno más breve, para poder adelantar su operación si el programa quirúrgico lo permite. Es posible que deba suspender algunos medicamentos; le indicaremos cuáles y cuándo hacerlo. Lleve una lista por escrito de todos los fármacos que toma, organice que alguien lo lleve a casa y vístase con ropa holgada y cómoda. Los estudios de imagen ya programados, como radiografías, resonancias magnéticas o ecografías, nos ayudan a planificar la intervención. Si padece otras enfermedades, es posible que necesite análisis de sangre o una consulta con el anestesista.

El día de la intervención

Llega usted a la unidad de admisiones quirúrgicas del hospital, donde se le registra y se le prepara para la cirugía. Conocerá al anestesista, el médico encargado de sedarle y de garantizar su comodidad durante la operación. Esta intervención se realiza bajo anestesia general. En ocasiones, se añade un bloqueo nervioso regional para aliviar el dolor postoperatorio; el anestesista hablará con usted al respecto ese mismo día.

A continuación, se le lleva al quirófano, donde se realiza la operación. Una vez finalizada, despierta usted en la sala de recuperación. Las enfermeras le vigilan mientras la anestesia va perdiendo efecto. Cuando se encuentre estable, será trasladado a la planta de hospitalización o podrá volver a casa, según el tipo de intervención y el curso de su recuperación.

Qué implica la operación

El objetivo de la operación es volver a fijar el tendón glúteo desgarrado al hueso situado en el lateral de la cadera. El cirujano elegirá entre dos métodos para llevarlo a cabo; ambos se realizan en el mismo punto o zona cercana del exterior de la cadera.

Una opción es la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, también llamada reparación endoscópica. En este caso se realizan varios cortes pequeños en lugar de uno grande. A través de uno de esos cortes se introduce una cámara fina que permite al cirujano ver el tendón desgarrado en una pantalla. Por medio de los demás cortes, el cirujano elimina el tejido dañado y cose el tendón nuevamente al hueso. Dado que los cortes son pequeños, este método afecta menos a los músculos circundantes. En algunos casos de desgarros parciales, se pueden coser directamente las partes dañadas del tendón, dejando intacta la porción sana que sigue unida al hueso.

La otra opción es la reparación abierta. En este caso se realiza un corte más grande en el lateral de la cadera para que el cirujano pueda ver y acceder directamente al tendón. El tendón desgarrado se cose al hueso mediante puntos fuertes e indisolubles. Si el desgarro es grande o el tendón se ha desplazado demasiado lejos del hueso, el cirujano puede añadir un parche de tejido o trasplantar un tendón cercano para cubrir la distancia y reforzar la reparación.

Ambos métodos pueden combinarse con artroscopia de cadera, una técnica mínimamente invasiva para examinar el interior de la articulación, si se detectan otros problemas como un desgarro del labrum (el borde de cartílago que rodea la cavidad articular). Finalmente, los cortes se cierran con puntos de sutura y se cubren con un vendaje.

Después de la operación

Despertará en la sala de recuperación, donde las enfermeras lo vigilarán de cerca mientras el efecto de la anestesia desaparece. Sentirá dolor en la cadera; por ello, le administraremos analgésicos para mantenerlo cómodo. El lado de la cadera quedará cubierto con un vendaje sobre los puntos de sutura. Dejamos el vendaje puesto durante unos 10 días; por favor, no lo retire antes de ese plazo a menos que se lo indiquemos. Lo cambiamos o lo retiramos cuando vengamos a verlo. La mayoría de los pacientes se ponen de pie y dan algunos pasos con un andador o muletas el mismo día; el fisioterapeuta le mostrará cómo hacerlo. Alguien debe permanecer con usted durante las primeras 24 horas. Su equipo médico le informará si podrá irse a casa el mismo día o si deberá quedarse una noche en el hospital.

Recuperación

Durante los primeros días, su cadera estará adolorida y es posible que se sienta hinchada alrededor de los puntos de sutura. Los analgésicos ayudan a mantenerla cómoda; el dolor suele disminuir progresivamente con el paso de los días. Apoyar una almohada debajo de la rodilla mientras descansa también resulta útil. Los paquetes de hielo envueltos en una toalla ayudan a reducir la hinchazón.

La mayoría de los pacientes se ponen de pie y dan algunos pasos con muletas o un andador el mismo día de la cirugía. Su fisioterapeuta le indicará cuánto peso puede soportar la pierna y le guiará en ejercicios suaves. Estos ejercicios mantienen la movilidad de la cadera y el funcionamiento de los músculos mientras el tendón cicatriza. Deberá realizarlos en casa, poco a poco, aumentando la intensidad según lo permita su cadera.

En casa podrá moverse con cuidado y realizar sus tareas cotidianas; sin embargo, evite ejercer mucha presión sobre el lado afectado, doblar la cadera en exceso o levantar objetos pesados hasta que su médico le dé el visto bueno. Dormir boca arriba o de lado, alejado de la cadera operada, suele ser más cómodo al principio. Una vez que la hinchazón disminuya y la marcha se vuelva estable, pasará de usar muletas a caminar por sí mismo. Cuando su cirujano considere que su fuerza y movilidad son adecuadas, podrá volver a conducir y retomar sus actividades habituales.

La recuperación varía de una persona a otra. Su cronograma personal podría diferir; su cirujano y fisioterapeuta lo guiarán en cada control.

Qué puede salir mal

La mayoría de los pacientes evolucionan bien, pero en ocasiones pueden surgir problemas. Su cirujano y el equipo lo vigilarán de cerca para detectar cualquier incidencia a tiempo.

El principal problema que vigilamos es que el tendón se desgarre nuevamente después de haber sido suturado. Esto se denomina re-desgarro. Es posible que note que el dolor en el lateral de la cadera vuelve, a veces con el mismo dolor sordo que sentía antes de la operación, o la sensación de que la cadera está débil o “cede” al caminar. Si el dolor regresa después de haber desaparecido, infórmenos. Le examinaremos la cadera y solicitaremos estudios de imagen para comprobar si el tendón se ha mantenido unido. Si el desgarro se ha producido de nuevo y el dolor persiste, en algunos casos será necesaria otra cirugía para repararlo. Comente cualquier dolor recurrente en su próxima consulta, o llame a la clínica antes si le resulta molesto.

En ocasiones, una reparación requiere una segunda operación para asegurar su éxito. Esto se conoce como cirugía de revisión. Ocurre cuando el tendón se desgarra nuevamente y el dolor vuelve. Los síntomas son los mismos: dolor en el lateral de la cadera que antes había disminuido, debilidad al estar de pie o caminar, y menor estabilidad al caminar. Si nota estos signos, comuníquese con nosotros sin esperar. Le evaluaremos y analizaremos los cambios ocurridos.

Algunos pacientes a los que se les realiza una prótesis de cadera en lugar de una reparación también pueden presentar problemas en los tendones glúteos. Si va a someterse a una prótesis de cadera y sus tendones glúteos están desgastados o desgarrados, es posible que sienta más dolor en la parte externa de la cadera después de la operación, y que la cadera le resulte menos estable o cómoda de lo esperado durante la recuperación. Si los estudios de imagen lo indican, hablaremos de esto con usted antes de la intervención, y vigilaremos atentamente el lateral de su cadera en las consultas posteriores.

En la tabla de complicaciones de esta página se detallan las tasas típicas, por si desea conocer los datos específicos.

¿Cuándo deben llamarnos?

La mayoría de los problemas se manifiestan al principio, y preferimos ser informados de ellos cuanto antes. Llámenos si el dolor empeora en lugar de mejorar, si la piel alrededor de la herida está roja, caliente o segrega líquido, o si siente fiebre. Acuda a urgencias si experimenta dolor intenso y repentino, hinchazón en la pantorrilla, dificultad para respirar, entumecimiento en la pierna o si no puede moverla. Estos síntomas pueden indicar la presencia de un coágulo o un problema nervioso, por lo que requieren evaluación inmediata.


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