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Lesión sindesmótica

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Qué está sintiendo

Una lesión sindesmótica afecta a los ligamentos que unen los dos huesos de la parte inferior de la pierna, justo por encima del tobillo. El dolor suele distribuirse alrededor del tobillo en lugar de concentrarse en un solo punto; con frecuencia se localiza en la parte frontal y lateral, justo por encima de los ligamentos externos del tobillo. También puede haber sensibilidad al tacto en la zona interna del tobillo.

Ciertos movimientos empeoran el dolor: subir pendientes, girar o torcer el pie, y ponerse de puntillas son acciones que suelen provocar molestias. Girar el pie hacia afuera o flexionarlo hacia la espinilla también pueden desencadenar el dolor. La hinchazón y los hematomas son comunes; estos últimos pueden extenderse por toda la pierna o hasta la zona interna del tobillo. Si el tobillo es inestable, soportar peso suele resultar muy doloroso.

Algunos patrones de aparición de síntomas indican esta lesión en lugar de una simple distensión. El hecho de que el dolor persista a pesar del reposo es una señal típica. En cambio, si la distensión mejora por completo entre un episodio y otro, probablemente se trate de otro problema en los ligamentos externos del tobillo. La hinchazón y la rigidez que perduran, la debilidad al empujar con el pie, y la sensación de que el tobillo podría “ceder” pueden mantenerse mucho tiempo después de la lesión inicial, incluso cuando los exámenes habituales parecen normales.

Las tareas cotidianas pueden volverse difíciles: subir escaleras o pendientes, levantarse de una silla, o pararse sobre una sola pierna para vestirse pueden resultar dolorosos. Es posible que no logre empujar adecuadamente al caminar, por lo que tiende a apoyarse más en la otra pierna.

Existen algunos signos de alerta temprana: si no puede soportar ningún peso, si la hinchazón aparece rápidamente y es intensa, o si hay hematomas extensos en la parte interna o superior de la pierna, es más probable que se trate de una lesión sindesmótica. Estas lesiones son fáciles de pasar por alto y, al principio, a veces se confunden con una simple distensión. Si algo de esto coincide con su situación, merece la pena hacerse una evaluación adecuada en lugar de esperar a que mejore por sí solo.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

La parte inferior de su pierna cuenta con dos huesos: la tibia y el peroné, que se encuentran uno al lado del otro justo por encima del tobillo. Ambos huesos se mantienen unidos por un conjunto de ligamentos fuertes denominados sindesmosis. Puede imaginarlo como una correa resistente que impide que los dos huesos se separen al caminar; además, ayuda a transmitir el peso corporal a lo largo de la pierna, por lo que desempeña una función esencial cada vez que usted se para.

La lesión se produce cuando el pie se dobla hacia arriba, en dirección a la espinilla, y al mismo tiempo se tuerce hacia afuera. Esta fuerza de torsión puede separar los dos huesos y desgarrar dicha “correa”. Si la lesión es grave, también pueden dañarse otras estructuras, como el ligamento situado en la cara interna del tobillo o el propio hueso peroné. Para que los huesos realmente se separen, deben desgarrarse varios ligamentos fuertes y una membrana resistente que los une.

Cuando esta “correa” se daña, la articulación del tobillo pierde parte de su estabilidad. El hueso pequeño situado bajo el tobillo, el astrágalo, puede desplazarse ligeramente al moverse; ese desplazamiento es lo que genera el dolor, la hinchazón y esa sensación de inestabilidad mencionada anteriormente. El ligamento desgarrado también puede inflamarse y cicatrizar, lo cual puede comprimir tejidos en la parte frontal del tobillo y mantener el dolor activo.

Si los huesos permanecen separados y no se trata la lesión, con el tiempo la articulación se desgasta de forma desigual, pudiendo desarrollarse artritis por desgaste. Por eso es crucial obtener un diagnóstico correcto. Algunas lesiones son estables: la “correa” está tensa pero sigue manteniendo los huesos en su sitio; normalmente se resuelven sin cirugía, con una carga de peso controlada. Otras son inestables: los huesos pueden separarse, y en estos casos se requiere una operación para unirlos mientras cicatrizan. Es fundamental actuar a tiempo, pues los retrasos superiores a seis meses se asocian con un peor funcionamiento de la articulación posteriormente.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a la lesión específica que usted presenta. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En la consulta, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando resulta necesario. Dado que esta lesión puede pasar desapercibida, a veces utilizamos estudios de imagen que muestran claramente los ligamentos antes de decidir el tratamiento adecuado.

Si su lesión es estable, es decir, si los ligamentos están distendidos pero aún mantienen los huesos en su posición, no es necesario recurrir a la cirugía. Protegemos el tobillo mientras cicatriza y le permitimos cargar peso sobre él de forma gradual. La fisioterapia le ayuda a recuperar el movimiento, la fuerza y la confianza en el tobillo. Algunas personas consideran que un vendaje blando brinda suficiente soporte al inicio, mientras que otras necesitan un yeso durante hasta tres semanas. La cantidad adecuada de reposo sin carga varía según cada caso, y nosotros le guiaremos en este proceso.

Si la lesión es inestable, lo que significa que los huesos pueden separarse, normalmente se recomienda la cirugía. Esperar más de seis meses empeora el resultado, por lo que procuramos intervenir lo antes posible. La operación consiste en unir los dos huesos mientras los ligamentos sanan. Esto puede lograrse mediante un tornillo, una sutura resistente y un pequeño botón, o reparando directamente los ligamentos desgarrados. Analizaremos juntos cuál de estas opciones se adapta mejor a su lesión y acordaremos un plan de tratamiento.

Tras la cirugía, la fisioterapia acelera su recuperación. La mayoría de los pacientes vuelven a sus actividades habituales, incluyendo el deporte, alrededor de cuatro meses después de la operación.

Qué esperar

El pronóstico depende de si la lesión es estable o inestable. En una lesión estable, en la que los ligamentos aún mantienen los huesos en su lugar, normalmente no se requiere cirugía. Se protege el tobillo, se va cargando peso sobre él gradualmente y se recupera la fuerza mediante fisioterapia. Las personas tratadas de esta forma reportan una buena funcionalidad a largo plazo; pocas vuelven a sufrir lesiones en el tobillo.

En una lesión inestable, es necesaria una operación para unir los huesos mientras los ligamentos sanan. Cuando esta intervención se realiza correctamente, alineando los huesos con precisión y fijándolos firmemente, la mayoría de los pacientes vuelven a sus actividades habituales. Unos cuatro meses después de la cirugía, la mayoría retoman sus actividades cotidianas, incluso el deporte. Muchas personas conservan una buena funcionalidad del tobillo durante décadas, aunque los estudios por imagen a veces revelan signos de artritis degenerativa en la articulación. En un estudio a largo plazo, todas las personas a quienes se repararon los ligamentos directamente afirmaron que volverían a someterse al mismo procedimiento si fuera necesario.

La recuperación rara vez sigue un camino lineal. Al principio, soportar peso con el pie resulta difícil, y volver a mover el tobillo requiere esfuerzo constante mediante fisioterapia. Iniciar tempranamente la carga de peso y el movimiento ayuda a que el tobillo funcione mejor en las primeras semanas, aunque no garantiza un regreso más rápido al trabajo. El tiempo que cada persona tarda en volver a sus actividades varía mucho; por eso, intente no compararse con otros.

Si una lesión inestable no se trata, los problemas suelen persistir en lugar de mejorar. Los huesos pueden desplazarse, la articulación se desgasta de forma desigual, y la inestabilidad crónica provoca dolor continuo y debilidad en el tobillo. Demorar la cirugía más de seis meses se asocia con peor funcionalidad posterior, motivo por el cual es fundamental una evaluación temprana. A veces, incluso tras el tratamiento, los ligamentos sanan de forma laxa; una articulación inestable o poco firme conlleva resultados menos favorables.

Algunas lesiones también implican daño dentro de la propia articulación del tobillo. Esto ocurre en hasta la mitad de las lesiones inestables, y requiere tratamiento adicional en aproximadamente uno de cada cinco casos. Su cirujano lo evaluará al planificar su tratamiento.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a un profesional para que evalúe su tobillo de inmediato si no puede soportar ningún peso sobre él, si la hinchazón aparece de forma rápida y pronunciada, o si hay un gran hematoma en la parte interna o superior de la pierna. Estos son los signos tempranos de que la lesión va más allá de un simple esguince. Solicite una valoración especializada si el dolor persiste a pesar del reposo, si el tobillo se siente inestable o “cede” al apoyarse, o si la hinchazón y la rigidez perduran mucho tiempo después de la lesión. Esta lesión es fácil de pasar por alto y, al principio, a veces se confunde con un esguince común. Si no se trata a tiempo, esperar más de seis meses antes de operar se asocia con un peor resultado funcional posteriormente. Si ya le han diagnosticado un esguince pero su tobillo no mejora, vale la pena preguntar si se ha examinado la sindesmosis.


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