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Fractura de metatarsiano

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Qué está sintiendo

Una fractura de metatarso es una rotura en uno de los huesos largos del pie, situados entre los dedos y la parte media del pie. Esta fractura provoca dolor, hinchazón y hematomas en la zona del hueso lesionado. Apoyar el pie o caminar suele ser doloroso, y resulta difícil desplazarse. El dolor suele intensificarse al empujar contra el suelo para dar un paso, y disminuye cuando se quita el peso del pie.

La ubicación del dolor depende de qué hueso se ha roto. Una fractura en el hueso más externo del pie (el quinto metatarso) genera dolor y sensibilidad en el lateral del pie, dificultando la marcha. Un golpe directo en esa zona puede provocar hematomas. Una fractura en el hueso más interno (el primer metatarso) o en los huesos intermedios provoca dolor al soportar peso y al mover el pie, dificultando la caminata. Esa zona es muy sensible al tacto, y el hueso roto puede parecer que se mueve ligeramente bajo la piel.

Algunas fracturas se deben a cargas repetidas en lugar de a una lesión única; se denominan fracturas por estrés y se desarrollan a lo largo de varias semanas. Los segundos y terceros metatarsos son los más afectados. En el caso de una fractura por estrés, se puede notar dolor en la parte superior o lateral del pie que empeora con la actividad durante varias semanas y mejora al descansar. El segundo metatarso es una zona frecuente de lesión en bailarines y corredores.

Las tareas cotidianas que implican cargar peso sobre la parte delantera del pie se vuelven complicadas: empujar un carrito de la compra, subir escaleras, permanecer de pie junto a la encimera para cocinar o acercarse al buzón. La hinchazón puede hacer que los zapatos queden ajustados.

Un dato importante: los hematomas en la planta del pie pueden indicar una lesión más grave en las articulaciones de la zona media del pie. Si presenta este tipo de hematomas o si el dolor es intenso, debe acudir a evaluación médica de inmediato.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El pie cuenta con cinco huesos largos llamados metatarsianos, que se extienden desde la parte media del pie hasta la base de los dedos. Pueden compararse con las vigas de un puente: cada uno soporta su parte de la carga al estar de pie o al caminar. Cuando una de estas “vigas” se agrieta, ya sea por una torsión, un golpe o una caída, se producen el dolor y la hinchazón descritos anteriormente.

Estos huesos no comparten la carga de manera equitativa. El metatarsiano más interno es más corto y ancho que los demás, y soporta alrededor de un tercio del peso corporal en cada paso. El metatarsiano externo y el interno gozan de mayor movilidad que los tres huesos centrales, que están muy juntos y unidos por ligamentos, esas fuertes bandas que conectan un hueso con otro. Esta disposición compacta protege a los huesos centrales; por eso, una fractura aislada en esa zona rara vez se desplaza, a menos que se rompan varios huesos a la vez.

Las fracturas en estos huesos presentan distintos patrones. Algunas son simples grietas que permanecen alineadas. Otras se desplazan por efecto de la fuerza que las provocó, o por la acción de los tendones, esas estructuras que unen músculo y hueso, tirando de la parte fracturada. El metatarsiano externo constituye un caso especial: un tendón se inserta cerca de su base y puede desplazar el fragmento fracturado. Las fracturas cerca de dicha base se clasifican en tres zonas: desde el punto de inserción del tendón, hasta la articulación con el hueso siguiente, y luego el cuerpo del hueso. La ubicación de la fractura es crucial, pues algunas zonas cuentan con un flujo sanguíneo escaso, es decir, con poca capacidad para transportar las células necesarias para la reparación ósea. Con menos irrigación sanguínea, estas fracturas tardan más en consolidarse y tienen mayor probabilidad de no curarse.

Las fracturas por estrés funcionan de manera distinta. El hueso se renueva constantemente, proceso que dura unas 2 semanas. Si se somete al hueso a una carga mayor de la que puede soportar durante ese tiempo —generalmente por un aumento repentino en la actividad física como correr o bailar— se generan pequeñas grietas. Por eso el dolor aparece gradualmente a lo largo de varias semanas, en lugar de manifestarse de inmediato tras una lesión.

¿Qué podemos hacer al respecto?

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de extremidades superiores en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, adapta el tratamiento a la lesión específica que usted presenta. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En la clínica tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su pie y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando es necesario. Las radiografías tomadas desde tres ángulos muestran la posición del hueso fracturado. En ocasiones se utiliza una tomografía computarizada, que proporciona una imagen más detallada, para fracturas cercanas a la base del hueso; asimismo, la resonancia magnética puede revelar lesiones de tejidos blandos o detectar una fractura por estrés en etapas tempranas.

Muchas fracturas sanan sin necesidad de intervención quirúrgica. Un zapato con suela rígida o una bota ortopédica protegen el pie mientras el paciente carga peso según su tolerancia. Algunas fracturas requieren el uso de un yeso sin que el pie soporte carga durante un período determinado, para luego volver gradualmente a la carga normal. También analizamos las causas de la fractura: la forma del pie, la carga de entrenamiento o los niveles bajos de vitamina D pueden influir; abordar estos factores ayuda a prevenir nuevas fracturas.

La cirugía se considera cuando el hueso fracturado se ha desplazado de su posición, cuando hay múltiples fracturas simultáneas, cuando la fractura afecta a la superficie articular, o cuando una fractura cerca de la base del metatarsiano externo cicatriza lentamente. El objetivo es mantener los fragmentos en la posición correcta mientras sanan, mediante tornillos, una pequeña placa o, en algunos casos, un pin colocado dentro del hueso. En ciertas fracturas próximas a la base del metatarsiano externo, se recomienda la cirugía de inmediato en lugar de intentar el tratamiento con yeso, ya que estas fracturas tienen un riego sanguíneo deficiente y mayor probabilidad de no consolidarse o de volver a fracturarse. La decisión de operar se toma conjuntamente, evaluando tanto el aspecto de la fractura como sus necesidades laborales y de actividad.

Qué esperar

En la mayoría de las fracturas de metatarsianos, el pronóstico es favorable. Cuando la fractura se evalúa correctamente y se trata adecuadamente, casi todas sanan sin dejar secuelas. El hueso se une tal como lo haría normalmente; las fracturas que no sanan en absoluto son poco frecuentes, con una excepción importante: las fracturas cerca de la base del metatarsiano externo, donde el riego sanguíneo es escaso. En esa zona la consolidación ósea es más lenta y es más probable que surjan complicaciones.

El tiempo necesario para la curación depende del tipo de fractura. Una fractura simple cerca de la base del metatarsiano externo, tratada sin cirugía, suele sanar en un plazo de 8 semanas. Las fracturas por estrés en los huesos intermedios suelen mejorar con reposo o con un yeso que evite que el pie soporte peso durante la cicatrización. Si una fractura por estrés en la base del segundo metatarsiano no sana a pesar de ello, a veces es necesaria una intervención quirúrgica para lograr la unión ósea.

Si la fractura está desplazada y se recurre a la cirugía para colocarla en su posición correcta, el hueso se endereza y los resultados suelen ser buenos. En atletas con fracturas cerca de la base del metatarsiano externo, la cirugía les permite volver a su nivel competitivo previo. Los jugadores de la Major League Soccer con esta lesión regresan a la práctica deportiva en un porcentaje elevado de casos.

No obstante, existen algunas advertencias importantes. Si el hueso fracturado se une en una posición incorrecta, puede provocar discapacidad permanente; por eso es crucial alinear los huesos adecuadamente. Algunas personas sienten un dolor sordo en el lugar donde se colocó un tornillo; los implantes cerca de la base del metatarsiano externo pueden resultar tan molestos que haya que retirarlos posteriormente. Volver al deporte demasiado pronto también conlleva riesgos: si se regresa a la actividad dentro de las 8 semanas posteriores a la cirugía, una cuarta parte de los pacientes presentan aún una fractura no consolidada a los 3 meses, aunque esto rara vez deriva en una falta permanente de cicatrización. Un pequeño número de personas vuelven a sufrir una fractura en el mismo sitio, incluso después de que el hueso haya sanado por completo.

En general, las fracturas de pie en niños sanan bien y se tratan sin necesidad de cirugía.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda de inmediato a su médico de cabecera si presenta dolor en el pie acompañado de hinchazón o hematomas tras un torcedura, un golpe o una caída, especialmente si le resulta doloroso apoyar el pie al estar de pie o caminar. Solicite una evaluación por parte de un especialista si el dolor ha ido apareciendo progresivamente durante varias semanas con la actividad y no mejora con el reposo, ya que las radiografías pueden parecer normales durante las primeras 3 semanas y podrían ser necesarias otras pruebas de imagen. Diríjase a urgencias si presenta hematomas en la planta del pie, dolor intenso mucho mayor de lo esperado, o si el pie está pálido, frío o entumecido; estos síntomas pueden indicar una lesión grave que requiere atención inmediata.


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