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Reparación del tendón extensor

Un plan de recuperación tras la reparación de un tendón extensor en el dorso del dedo o de la mano (zonas IV a VII): se utiliza una férula de movimiento relativo (tipo “yoke”) que permite usar la mano de inmediato mientras se protege la zona reparada; posteriormente se va retirando la férula y se fortalece la mano en etapas cuidadosamente planificadas.

Ilustración de los tendones extensores que se distribuyen por el dorso de la mano y los dedos.
Los tendones extensores que enderezan los dedos se extienden por el dorso de la mano; tras su reparación, quedan protegidos mientras la articulación cicatriza. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Este protocolo le servirá de guía para su recuperación tras la reparación quirúrgica de un tendón extensor (uno de los tendones en el dorso del dedo o de la mano que permite enderezarlo) realizada por el Dr. Kieran Hirpara en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton. Abarca las reparaciones efectuadas en el dorso del dedo, la mano y la muñeca (las zonas que los cirujanos denominan IV a VII). No incluye la reparación de un dedo en martillo (que se realiza justo en la punta del dedo) ni la reparación del tendón central o de la articulación interfalángica; para esos casos se aplican planes distintos. El protocolo comienza con un programa de ejercicios para realizar en casa, seguido del protocolo clínico estructurado destinado a su terapeuta de mano. Lleve esta página o su versión en PDF a su primera sesión de terapia para garantizar una rehabilitación coordinada. Su terapeuta podrá modificar el plan según el progreso de su recuperación.

Si tiene alguna duda respecto a su herida después de la cirugía, comuníquese con el consultorio. A menudo resulta útil tomar una fotografía de la herida y enviarla por correo electrónico para su revisión.

Qué esperar

La reparación del tendón extensor consiste en unir nuevamente el tendón roto en la parte dorsal del dedo o de la mano. Antiguamente, para proteger esa reparación se mantenía la mano inmovilizada con un yeso durante varias semanas; sin embargo, esto solía provocar rigidez en los dedos y una recuperación lenta. En la actualidad, se emplea un método moderno y eficaz llamado rehabilitación de movimiento relativo (método Merritt).

El elemento clave es un pequeño dispositivo ortopédico llamado yugo, que se coloca en la parte dorsal de la mano. Este yugo mantiene la articulación del dedo reparado aproximadamente 15 a 20 grados más extendida que las articulaciones de los dedos adyacentes. Esta ligera diferencia alivia la tensión sobre el tendón en proceso de cicatrización, permitiéndole empezar a usar la mano de inmediato, de forma suave y cómoda, en lugar de permanecer inmovilizada durante semanas. El movimiento temprano, bajo esta protección, favorece el deslizamiento normal del tendón y evita que se adhiera, mientras que el desfase angular evita su sobrecarga.

En la mayoría de las reparaciones (en las zonas habituales de la parte dorsal del dedo y la mano), el yugo por sí solo es suficiente. No obstante, en ciertos casos (reparaciones cercanas a la muñeca, reparaciones más débiles o cuando se considera necesaria mayor protección), también se utiliza un yeso de muñeca durante las primeras semanas. Su terapeuta de mano le indicará si también necesita llevar un yeso de muñeca.

El plan de recuperación se desarrolla en etapas cuidadosamente planificadas: el yugo se usa a tiempo completo durante unas seis semanas, reduciendo su uso a partir de la semana cinco; en las semanas intermedias se incorporan movimientos combinados de muñeca y dedos; el fortalecimiento muscular comienza alrededor de la semana ocho; y la vuelta a todas las actividades se produce entre las semanas diez y doce, una vez que la reparación esté completamente consolidada.

Precauciones y limitaciones

  • Use la férula de yugo todo el tiempo durante las primeras seis semanas aproximadamente, incluso durante los ejercicios y las actividades cotidianas; solo deberá quitársela o reducir su uso según las indicaciones de su terapeuta de mano. Su terapeuta de mano le informará si también necesita una férula de muñeca.
  • Desde el principio, haga un uso ligero de la mano dentro de la férula, siempre dentro de sus límites de comodidad. NO realice levantamientos, agarres forzados ni actividades que requieran resistencia durante las primeras semanas.
  • NO comience ejercicios de fortalecimiento de agarre o pinza hasta que su terapeuta se lo autorice, generalmente alrededor de la octava semana.
  • NO forme un puño cerrado con fuerza ni fuerce los dedos en las primeras etapas; limítese a moverlos dentro de los rangos suaves y controlados que le hayan enseñado.
  • Mantenga en movimiento las articulaciones más pequeñas de los dedos para evitar que se vuelvan rígidas; la extensión pasiva y suave resulta útil para ello.

Para el cuidado de la herida, la reducción de la hinchazón y la gestión de las cicatrices, consulte las pautas de cuidado de heridas de nuestra consulta.

Sus ejercicios

Estos son los ejercicios que aparecen en su folleto informativo. Comience a realizarlos únicamente bajo la guía del Dr. Hirpara y de su terapeuta especializado en mano, respetando siempre los rangos y limitaciones que le hayan indicado. Los primeros ejercicios se realizan con la férula tipo yugo puesta: suaves flexiones de nudillos y movimientos de flexión de dedos que permiten deslizar el tendón reparado de forma segura y controlada, sin sobrecargarlo. Los movimientos combinados de muñeca y dedos, así como el fortalecimiento de la prensión y el pellizco, corresponden a fases posteriores y no deben iniciarse hasta que se le autorice expresamente. Interrumpa cualquier ejercicio que provoque dolor intenso en el dorso de los dedos o de la mano.

Su protocolo clínico

El resto de esta página describe el protocolo clínico por fases para la rehabilitación tras la reparación de tendones extensores (zonas IV a VII), utilizando la extensión por movimiento relativo (RME, por sus siglas en inglés). Esta sección debe entregarse a su terapeuta de mano; cada fase comienza con una explicación sencilla en lenguaje coloquial de lo que ocurre. La reparación se protege mediante una férula tipo yugo, que mantiene la articulación metacarpofalángica del dedo reparado entre 15 y 20 grados más extendida que los dedos adyacentes, reduciendo así la tensión sobre el tendón extensor gracias al efecto “quadriga” y a las juncturae tendineae; por ello, el movimiento activo inmediato es seguro.

Antes de iniciar el tratamiento, revise el informe operatorio del paciente y su historial médico, y consulte con el cirujano responsable sobre las zonas reparadas, los tendones afectados, la solidez de la reparación y si es necesario utilizar una órtesis de muñeca complementaria. La opción predeterminada del Dr. Hirpara para las zonas V y VI es la férula tipo yugo sola (férula de extensión por movimiento relativo, manteniendo la MCP reparada 15–20° más extendida que las demás). Para la zona VII, reparaciones menos resistentes o pacientes poco colaborativos, se añade una órteis de muñeca (~20–25° de extensión, durante las primeras 3 semanas aproximadamente). Este protocolo es válido únicamente para reparaciones de tendones extensores dorsales en las zonas IV–VII; NO aplica para lesiones tipo “mallet” (zonas I–II) ni para lesiones del tendón central o de la juncturae tendineae (zona III).

Fase I — yugo (férula de muñeca ±), uso activo inmediato (semanas 0 a 3)

Durante las primeras tres semanas, el yugo protege la reparación mientras el paciente utiliza la mano de forma activa desde el principio. El desplazamiento de extensión relativo de 15–20° alivia la carga sobre la zona reparada, por lo que se fomenta el deslizamiento activo controlado desde el inicio. Se permite un uso funcional leve con la férula; no se deben realizar levantamientos ni ejercicios de agarre resistido.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Educación y precauciones - Coloque el yugo / férula de extensión con movimiento relativo: la articulación MCP del dedo reparado debe quedar 15–20° más extendida que las articulaciones de los dedos adyacentes; la férula se usa todo el tiempo - Añada una ortesis de muñeca (~20–25° de extensión) únicamente durante las primeras 3 semanas en casos de zona VII, reparaciones más débiles o pacientes poco colaborativos (el yugo por sí solo es el tratamiento estándar para las zonas V–VI) - Se recomienda un uso leve de la mano con la férula; NO se permiten levantamientos, agarres forzados ni ejercicios resistidos - Evite los movimientos de puño compuestos forzados; mantenga los rangos de movimiento bajo control

Manejo - Herida: coloque los apósitos quirúrgicos según indicaciones; vigile posibles signos de infección - Edema: mantenga la extremidad elevada, realice masajes digitales suaves y aplique hielo según sea necesario - Ejercicios (dentro de la férula, cada ~2 h): movimientos activos intrínseco-plus (flexión de la MCP con las articulaciones IP extendidas) y intrínseco-minus/gancho (extensión de la MCP con flexión de las articulaciones IP); realice extensión pasiva de las articulaciones IP diariamente para prevenir rigidez - Inicie el tratamiento cicatricial una vez que la herida haya cicatrizado

Criterios para avanzar - La herida se está cerrando; no aparece retraso en la extensión; el paciente logra movimientos activos controlados con la férula a las ~3 semanas

Fase II — Se retira el splint de muñeca; se mantiene el yugo; movimiento acoplado (semanas 3 a 6)

A partir de la tercera semana, se suspende cualquier splint suplementario para la muñeca (el yugo se sigue utilizando todo el tiempo). Se incorporan el movimiento acoplado de muñeca y dedos (tenodesis) así como la flexión/extensión activa compuesta, lo cual incrementa el desplazamiento tendinoso de forma controlada y segura para la cicatrización.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Evaluaciones - Amplitud de movimiento activa y pasiva (articulaciones MCP e IP), retraso en la extensión, dolor e hinchazón; revisión de la herida y la cicatriz

Educación y precauciones - Retirar el splint suplementario de muñeca (si se utilizó); mantener el yugo en uso todo el tiempo - Progresar con los movimientos de forma gradual; SIN ejercicios de agarre resistido ni fortalecimiento

Manejo - Ejercicios: incorporar el movimiento acoplado de muñeca y dedos (tenodesis) y la flexión/extensión activa compuesta; continuar con los deslizamientos intrínsecos y la extensión pasiva de las articulaciones IP; uso funcional ligero mientras se lleva el yugo - Continuar con el masaje de la cicatriz una vez curada

Criterios para avanzar - La amplitud de movimiento activa compuesta mejora progresivamente alrededor de las 6 a 8 semanas; sin retraso en la extensión; el dolor disminuye

Fase III: retirada del cabestrillo, fortalecimiento y retorno a la actividad (semanas 6 a 12)

A partir de la semana cinco o seis se comienza a retirar el cabestrillo. El fortalecimiento progresivo de la prensión y la pinza se inicia alrededor de la semana ocho, una vez que la reparación está consolidada, y se intensifica gradualmente hasta alcanzar la actividad completa entre las semanas diez y doce.

Para su terapeuta de mano:

Evaluaciones - Rango completo de movimiento activo y pasivo, retraso en la extensión, fuerza de prensión/pinza en comparación con el lado contralateral; pruebas funcionales y específicas según el tipo de trabajo, según sea necesario.

Instrucciones y precauciones - Retirar el cabestrillo a partir de la semana 5, completamente alrededor de la semana 6, cuando el movimiento y el control lo permitan. - Iniciar el fortalecimiento progresivo de la prensión y la pinza a partir de la semana 8 (nunca antes). - Aumentar gradualmente la resistencia hasta alcanzar la actividad plena entre las semanas 10 y 12.

Manejo - Ejercicios: fortalecimiento gradual de la prensión y la pinza (apretar pelotas o plastilina, ejercicios de pinza) a partir de la semana 8; aumentar progresivamente la resistencia; continuar con ejercicios para mantener la movilidad residual y la extensión de las articulaciones interfalángicas. - Considerar el alta terapéutica cuando el rango de movimiento y la fuerza sean casi simétricos y el paciente haya recuperado su funcionalidad. - Derivar nuevamente al médico tratante si persiste el retraso en la extensión, si el progreso del movimiento se estanca o si el resultado clínico es insatisfactorio.

Criterios para retorno a la actividad completa - Rango de movimiento completo y sin dolor, sin retraso significativo en la extensión; fuerza de prensión/pinza casi simétrica; alrededor de 10 a 12 semanas.

Retorno al trabajo y a las actividades cotidianas

Se recomienda el uso ligero y cotidiano de la mano con la férula en Y (comer, escribir, vestirse, cuidados personales básicos) desde el inicio, siempre dentro de los límites de la comodidad, siempre que no implique levantar pesos, agarre forzado ni actividades que requieran resistencia. El fortalecimiento muscular comienza alrededor de la octava semana, y la vuelta a todas las actividades sin restricciones ocurre entre las diez y doce semanas, una vez que la reparación está consolidada y se han recuperado el movimiento y la fuerza, según la evaluación del Dr. Hirpara y de su terapeuta de mano, no únicamente en función del tiempo transcurrido.

Conducción: el uso ligero de la mano con la férula en Y es aceptable, por lo que no se prohíbe conducir; sin embargo, debe ser capaz de agarrar el volante y controlar el vehículo de forma segura, incluso en situaciones de emergencia. Para la mayoría de las personas, esto significa retomar la conducción al retirarse progresivamente la férula (alrededor de la sexta semana); puede ser antes si logra controlar el coche cómodamente y su cirujano confirma que es seguro para usted.

Después de seguir este protocolo

Este protocolo complementa las recomendaciones generales de recuperación de la clínica: consulte control del dolor postoperatorio, cuidado de la herida y cuidado de las cicatrices. El plan por fases descrito anteriormente se basa en las guías de rehabilitación publicadas tras la reparación de tendones extensores mediante la técnica de extensión con movimiento relativo; su recuperación continua será supervisada individualmente por el Dr. Hirpara y su terapeuta de mano, según la evolución de su mano.


Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Extensor Tendon Repair — Procedure Outcomes & Post-operative Rehabilitation (Relative-Motion Extension, Zones IV–VII)

Topic scope: post-operative rehabilitation after primary repair of an extensor tendon on the dorsum of the finger, hand or wrist — zones IV to VII — managed by relative-motion extension (RME / Merritt yoke splint, the ICAM family of regimens). This is a tendon repair (a construct that must heal under controlled load), but the relative-motion approach lets that load be applied immediately and actively rather than after weeks of immobilisation. This page does not cover mallet finger (zones I–II) or central-slip / boutonnière repair (zone III), which follow different regimens.

Defining principle of the rehab here: a yoke (relative-motion) splint holds the repaired digit's MCP joint 15–20° more extended than its neighbours. By the quadriga effect and the juncturae tendineae, this small relative offset offloads the repaired tendon — it reduces the active extensor excursion demanded of the healing repair (from roughly 12 mm of excursion in normal active extension to about 6 mm within the splint). That residual ~6 mm is enough to keep the tendon gliding and prevent adhesions, but too little to rupture the repair — which is why immediate active motion is safe. The single common branch point is whether a supplementary wrist orthosis (~20–25° extension, first ~3 weeks) is added for zone VII, weaker repairs, or non-compliant patients; the yoke alone is the default for zones V–VI.


A. PROCEDURE / REPAIR OUTCOMES (relative-motion vs immobilisation)

Extensor tendon repair on the back of the hand is reliable; the principal modern question is how to rehabilitate it — protected immobilisation versus an early-active programme such as relative-motion extension — not whether repair works.

  • The mechanism that makes immediate active motion safe is well established. The 15–20° relative MCP-extension offset offloads the repair via the quadriga effect and the juncturae tendineae, cutting active extensor excursion from ~12 mm (normal) to ~6 mm within the splint — enough to prevent adhesions, too little to rupture. Cadaveric and mechanistic work underpins this rationale [Merritt, Wong & Lalonde 2020]. Strong (mechanistic + cadaveric).
  • Relative-motion regimens match or improve on traditional early-active and immobilisation pathways. A randomised controlled trial in zones V–VI found relative-motion extension delivered earlier return of hand function and higher patient satisfaction with equivalent total active motion (TAM) versus the comparator early-active programme [Collocott RCT 2020]. A systematic review reported earlier return to work with equivalent range of motion and complication rates [Collocott review 2017]. Moderate–strong (1 RCT + SR; RME studies of generally lower methodological quality).
  • Yoke-alone (no wrist splint) is supported for the common zones. Case series of relative-motion extension without a supplementary wrist orthosis for zones IV–VI report no ruptures, supporting yoke-alone as the default for these zones with the wrist orthosis reserved for zone VII / weaker / non-compliant repairs [Hirth 2021; Howell ICAM]. Moderate.
  • The functional gain over immobilisation is large and practical. Early-active relative-motion programmes report return to work at roughly 17–25 days, versus the 3–4 months typical of immobilisation regimens — the headline advantage that has driven adoption [Collocott review 2017; Howell ICAM]. Moderate.

B. REHABILITATION / THERAPY EVIDENCE

The central rehab questions are (1) immobilise or move early, (2) is a wrist splint needed in addition to the yoke, and (3) how long must the splint stay on. The evidence favours early relative motion, supports yoke-alone for zones V–VI, and suggests splint duration can be shorter than the traditional six weeks without penalty.

  • Early active motion via relative-motion extension is the modern default. The original technique description [Merritt 2014] and the clinical scheduling / yoke construction work [Lutz 2015] established a reproducible programme: immediate active intrinsic-plus and intrinsic-minus motion in the yoke, progressing to coupled (tenodesis) motion, weaning, then strengthening. Moderate (technique + cohort).
  • A supplementary wrist splint is optional, not mandatory. Yoke-alone case series for zones IV–VI report no ruptures; the wrist orthosis (~20–25° extension, first ~3 weeks) is added selectively for zone VII, weaker repairs, or poor compliance [Hirth 2021; Howell ICAM]. Moderate (selective use).
  • Splint duration may be shortened. A comparison of 4-week versus 6-week splinting found no difference in outcome, suggesting the traditional six-week full-time period can be safely abbreviated in selected patients [Svens 2015]. This page keeps full-time wear ~6 weeks (weaned from ~wk 5) as the conservative default while acknowledging the shorter option. Moderate (1 comparative study).
  • The field is moving toward wider use of relative motion. A recent international consensus endorses broader application of relative-motion rehabilitation, including beyond its original zone V–VI indication [Tang consensus 2025]. Consensus.

Recovery trajectory (expected, evidence-anchored)

Phase Window Splint / restraint Hand use / therapy focus Strength / load Notes
I — Yoke (± wrist splint), immediate active use Week 0–3 Yoke full-time (repaired MCP 15–20° more extended); wrist orthosis ~20–25° ext only for zone VII / weak / non-compliant Active intrinsic-plus (MCP flex, IPs straight) and intrinsic-minus / hook every ~2 h; passive IP extension daily; light use in the splint Light functional use only; no lifting / resisted grip Relative offset offloads repair (~12 mm → ~6 mm excursion); active motion is safe from day one
II — Wrist splint off, yoke continues Week 3–6 Discontinue any wrist splint; yoke continues full-time Add coupled wrist-and-finger (tenodesis) motion + composite active flexion/extension; light functional use; scar massage once healed Still no resisted grip Composite active ROM building; watch for extensor lag
III — Wean yoke, strengthen, return Week 6–12 Yoke weaned from ~wk 5, off ~wk 6 Progress full active motion; commence grip/pinch strengthening from week 8 Graded strengthening from wk 8 → full activity ~10–12 wk Return to work as early as ~17–25 days reported; full unrestricted activity ~10–12 wk

(Phase windows mirror the precautions and recovery structure in the patient protocol; they are typical guides, not trial-derived deadlines. Splint duration may be safely shortened toward 4 weeks in selected patients.)


C. KEY CONTROVERSIES / EVIDENCE QUALITY

  1. Relative motion vs traditional immobilisation / other early-active regimens. One RCT (zones V–VI) and a systematic review favour relative-motion extension for earlier hand function, earlier return to work, higher satisfaction, with equivalent TAM and complications — though RME studies are generally of lower methodological quality, so the effect size is moderately rather than strongly certain. Moderate–strong.
  2. Wrist splint: needed or not? Yoke-alone gives good results with no ruptures in zone IV–VI series; the supplementary wrist orthosis is selective (zone VII / weaker / non-compliant). The defensible default is yoke-alone for the common zones — hence the page wording that the hand therapist will advise if a wrist splint also applies. Moderate.
  3. How long to splint. Traditional full-time wear is ~6 weeks; a 4-vs-6-week comparison showed no difference, so duration can be individualised and potentially shortened. Moderate.
  4. The 15–20° offset itself. The specific relative-extension increment is consensus-derived (it must offload enough to protect but leave enough excursion to glide); it rests on sound mechanism rather than a dose-finding trial. Consensus.
  5. Extending relative motion beyond zones V–VI (e.g. to sagittal-band injury and selected boutonnière/central-slip cases). The 2025 consensus endorses wider use, but evidence outside the core zones is weak–moderate, which is why this page deliberately scopes to zones IV–VII and excludes zone III. Weak–moderate.

D. EVIDENCE STRENGTH FLAGS (summary)

  • STRONG: the mechanism — relative 15–20° MCP-extension offset offloads the repair (quadriga + juncturae tendineae; ~12 mm → ~6 mm active excursion) making immediate active motion safe (mechanistic + cadaveric).
  • MODERATE–STRONG: relative-motion extension is at least as good as other early-active-motion regimens (1 RCT zones V–VI: earlier hand function, higher satisfaction, equal TAM; SR: earlier return to work, equal ROM/complications) — tempered by the lower methodological quality of RME studies.
  • MODERATE: wrist-splint-optional (yoke-alone, no ruptures in zone IV–VI series); 4-vs-6-week splint duration (no difference); return to work ~17–25 days vs 3–4 months for immobilisation.
  • CONSENSUS: the specific 15–20° offset increment; broader application of relative motion (Tang 2025).
  • WEAK–MODERATE: extension of the technique to sagittal-band / boutonnière (central-slip) injuries outside the core zones.

CITATIONS

RAG corpus (180,000+ Orthopaedic articles)

  • Merritt WH. Relative motion splint: active motion after extensor tendon injury and repair. J Hand Surg Am. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.03.015
  • Merritt WH, Wong AL, Lalonde DH. Recent developments are changing extensor tendon management (relative motion / quadriga mechanism). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020. DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006556
  • Lutz K, et al. Relative motion extension splinting for extensor tendon repair — clinical schedule and yoke. Hand Clin. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2014.12.006
  • Collocott SJF, et al. Relative motion flexion versus relative motion extension / early active motion after extensor tendon repair (zones V–VI): a randomized controlled trial. J Hand Ther. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2018.10.003
  • Collocott SJF, Kelly E, Ellis RG. A systematic review of relative-motion orthoses for the management of extensor tendon repairs. Hand Ther. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1758998317729713
  • Svens B, et al. Four-week versus six-week immobilisation comparison after extensor tendon repair. J Hand Ther. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2014.07.006
  • Hirth MJ, et al. Relative-motion approaches in extensor tendon rehabilitation. J Hand Ther. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2019.12.016
  • Tang JB, et al. International consensus on relative-motion rehabilitation and extensor tendon management. J Hand Surg (Eur Vol). 2025. DOI: 10.1177/17531934251363138

Extensor tendon rehabilitation literature (URLs)

  • Howell JW, Merritt WH, Robinson SJ. Immediate Controlled Active Motion (ICAM) following zone 4–7 extensor tendon repair. J Hand Ther / PMC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574475/

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d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

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