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Pruebas nerviosas y estudios de conducción nerviosa

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What nerve conduction studies and EMG are, why they are done for carpal tunnel and other nerve problems, what to expect, and how accurate they are.

Updated Sep 2026
Estudio de conducción nerviosa: una sonda en el antebrazo con cables de electrodos en la mano.
Los estudios de conducción nerviosa miden la capacidad de los nervios para transmitir señales, lo cual ayuda a diagnosticar el síndrome del túnel carpiano y otros trastornos nerviosos. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

¿Qué son?

Los estudios nerviosos evalúan el funcionamiento de los nervios. Existen dos tipos principales. El estudio de conducción nerviosa mide la velocidad a la que las señales viajan a lo largo de un nervio. La electromiografía registra la actividad eléctrica en los músculos.

Su médico podría solicitar estos estudios si sospecha de un nervio comprimido o irritado, como en el síndrome del túnel carpiano (compresión de un nervio en la muñeca) o el síndrome del túnel cubital (compresión de un nervio en el codo). Los resultados ayudan a determinar la causa de sus síntomas y su gravedad. En el caso del síndrome del túnel carpiano, los estudios de conducción nerviosa constituyen la mejor medida disponible para evaluar la gravedad de la enfermedad; no son un examen que por sí solo permita establecer el diagnóstico [1]. También resultan útiles para predecir el desenlace quirúrgico [1].

Estos estudios son efectivos porque un nervio comprimido transmite señales más lentamente o con menor intensidad que uno sano; las mediciones detectan esa disminución en la velocidad de transmisión. La investigación ha demostrado que el tamaño del nervio observado mediante ecografía y la velocidad de sus señales están relacionados, y ambos coinciden con la intensidad de los síntomas [2] [3]. La ecografía, que utiliza ondas sonoras para visualizar el nervio, constituye una alternativa válida para confirmar el diagnóstico de neuropatía cubital en el codo [4]. Dado que los resultados de estos estudios y el examen físico no siempre coinciden, la combinación de ambos brinda un panorama más claro [5].

Estos estudios no son infalibles. Un resultado negativo no descarta necesariamente la existencia de un problema. Cuando los signos clínicos apuntan claramente al síndrome del túnel cubital, un resultado negativo no excluye el diagnóstico [6]. Su médico valorará los resultados de los estudios junto con sus síntomas y el examen físico para decidir el tratamiento adecuado.

¿Funcionan realmente?

La respuesta honesta es que estas pruebas cumplen bien algunas funciones, pero otras las realizan de forma deficiente. En el caso del síndrome del túnel carpiano, sirven para medir la gravedad del problema. No obstante, un resultado positivo no nos indica si sus síntomas mejorarán tras la cirugía. Investigaciones demostraron que las personas con resultados positivos en estas pruebas antes de someterse a una liberación del túnel carpiano no presentaron mejoría alguna en sus síntomas ni en su capacidad funcional al cabo de un año, en comparación con el resto [1].

En cuanto al pinzamiento del nervio en el codo, la situación es aún más ambigua. Una línea de investigación sostiene que los resultados de las pruebas ayudan a decidir cuándo iniciar el tratamiento y qué esperar del mismo [2]. Sin embargo, otro estudio reveló que la valoración subjetiva que usted haga de la gravedad de sus síntomas antes de la cirugía predice mejor su recuperación que los resultados de las pruebas nerviosas [3]. En otras palabras, su propia descripción de los síntomas es fundamental.

Existen usos legítimos para estas pruebas. Pueden detectar patrones que la exploración clínica por sí sola no identifica; por ejemplo, cuando un nervio está comprimido en dos puntos a la vez y no solo en uno [4]. También sirven para identificar casos en los que un problema en el hombro implica daño nervioso, lo cual podría dificultar la recuperación tras ciertas cirugías de hombro [5].

Hasta ahora no se han realizado ensayos rigurosos que comparen a pacientes que se sometieron a estas pruebas con quienes no lo hicieron; por eso no podemos afirmar si la realización de dichas pruebas mejora los resultados clínicos. Lo que sí demuestran las evidencias es que estas pruebas constituyen una pieza más del diagnóstico: miden bien la función nerviosa, pero por sí solas no predicen el desenlace clínico. Su médico combinará los resultados de las pruebas con sus síntomas y la exploración física antes de recomendarle un tratamiento.

¿Cuáles son los riesgos?

Estas pruebas presentan muy poco riesgo. Los efectos más comunes son transitorios y se producen en la zona donde los electrodos o las agujas entran en contacto con la piel. Es posible que sienta un leve hormigueo o contracciones musculares al aplicarse los impulsos eléctricos; además, la pequeña aguja utilizada para la electromiografía puede provocar una ligera sensación de dolor muscular durante un día aproximadamente. La piel en el lugar de la prueba también puede quedar ligeramente sensible después de realizarla.

La evidencia disponible sobre estas pruebas no describe ningún efecto en el resto del cuerpo, y en los estudios que hemos revisado no se reportan problemas graves o poco frecuentes. Eso no significa que las pruebas sean totalmente libres de riesgos, pero sí indica que los daños registrados se limitan exclusivamente al área donde se realizan.

Lo que merece más atención no es un daño físico, sino una limitación: estas pruebas pueden arrojar resultados erróneos en ambos sentidos. Un resultado negativo no descarta la posibilidad de un nervio comprimido en el codo, especialmente si sus síntomas apuntan claramente a esa causa [1]. En cuanto al síndrome del túnel carpiano, un resultado positivo no permite predecir si sus síntomas mejorarán tras la cirugía [2]. También existe la posibilidad real de que los resultados de la prueba y el examen físico discrepen, ya que la investigación ha demostrado que ambos métodos solo guardan una correlación débil [3]. Por ello, su médico los utiliza conjuntamente en lugar de fiarse únicamente de uno u otro.

Si ya se ha sometido a estas pruebas con anterioridad, o si se repiten en el futuro, la evidencia no indica ninguna limitación respecto a la frecuencia con la que pueden realizarse.

¿Es adecuado para usted?

Estas pruebas son apropiadas para personas cuyos síntomas indican una compresión nerviosa, pero cuya diagnosis aún no está clara. Si su médico sospecha de síndrome del túnel carpiano y se está considerando la cirugía, pruebas adicionales como la ecografía o el estudio nervioso pueden aumentar las probabilidades de que la operación realmente le ayude [1]. Estas pruebas determinan la gravedad del problema, lo cual ayuda a su médico a decidir si la cirugía es una opción razonable.

Sin embargo, en algunas situaciones pueden resultar menos útiles. Si sus síntomas sugieren claramente una compresión nerviosa en el codo pero los resultados de la prueba son normales, eso no descarta la existencia del problema [2]. Su propia valoración de los síntomas puede ser más indicativa de su probable recuperación que los resultados de las pruebas [3]. Además, si su edad está muy fuera del rango habitual para el síndrome del túnel carpiano, la eficacia de la ecografía es similar a la del estudio nervioso [4].

La principal alternativa es la ecografía, que genera imágenes del nervio mediante ondas sonoras en lugar de evaluar sus señales eléctricas. Los estudios han demostrado que ambas técnicas coinciden en gran medida para el síndrome del túnel carpiano en personas cuya edad se encuentra fuera del rango habitual [4]. Su médico podría optar por una u otra, o por ambas.

Esta debe ser una decisión conjunta. Comparta con él la descripción de sus síntomas, su intensidad y cómo afectan su vida diaria. Su médico analizará los resultados de las pruebas junto con el examen físico antes de recomendarle un tratamiento. Las pruebas en sí presentan escaso riesgo físico, aspecto que abordamos en la sección de riesgos anterior.

Conclusión

Los estudios nerviosos miden el funcionamiento de los nervios, pero no determinan por sí solos si existe una compresión nerviosa. Resultan útiles cuando sus síntomas apuntan al síndrome del túnel carpiano y se está considerando la cirugía, ya que estas pruebas adicionales pueden aumentar las probabilidades de que la cirugía le sea de ayuda [1]. Tenga expectativas realistas: los resultados indican la gravedad del problema, pero no predicen si sus síntomas mejorarán tras la intervención [2]. La advertencia más importante es que un resultado claro no descarta la posibilidad de una compresión nerviosa en el codo cuando sus síntomas apuntan claramente a ello [3]. Su médico evaluará los resultados junto con su descripción de los síntomas y un examen físico antes de recomendar cualquier tratamiento.

Referencias

[1] Uso de los estudios de conducción nerviosa en el síndrome del túnel carpiano. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934231191685

[2] Características del síndrome del túnel carpiano en pacientes diabéticos y no diabéticos en cuanto a aspectos clínicos, electrofisiológicos y ecográficos: un estudio transversal. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06881-1

[3] Las mediciones ecográficas del nervio mediano en el pliegue distal de la muñeca se correlacionan con los estudios electrodiagnósticos. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211066349

[4] Diagnóstico de la neuropatía cubital en el codo mediante ecografía: comparación con estudios electrofisiológicos. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014

[5] Evaluación de los exámenes electrofisiológicos para el diagnóstico del síndrome del túnel carpiano. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s13018-025-06122-2

[6] Las pruebas electrodiagnósticas predicen los resultados postdescompresión en pacientes con síndrome del túnel cubital. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.08.013

[7] Relación entre la ecografía preoperatoria, los estudios de conducción nerviosa y el cuestionario CTS-6 de Boston, hasta un año después de la liberación del túnel carpiano. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2025.100767

[8] Factores electrodiagnósticos predictores de los resultados tras la descompresión in situ del nervio cubital. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.10.008

[9] La gravedad electrodiagnóstica no predice los resultados a corto y mediano plazo tras la cirugía de liberación del túnel cubital. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.01.055

[10] Los hallazgos de los estudios electrodiagnósticos preoperatorios difieren entre pacientes con síndrome de compresión doble y síndrome del túnel carpiano: un análisis emparejado por propensión. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2024. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00056

[11] Aspectos radiológicos y electrodiagnósticos de la disfunción del nervio supraescapular: un factor clave para predecir malos resultados funcionales en la hemiartroplastia de hombro. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.001

[12] El diagnóstico de neuropatía idiopática leve a moderada del nervio mediano en el túnel carpiano basado en signos y síntomas no concuerda con el diagnóstico obtenido mediante estudios electrodiagnósticos y ecografía. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002751

[13] Utilidad diagnóstica de la ecografía y los estudios electrodiagnósticos en pacientes jóvenes y ancianos. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.01.008

Reviewed by Kieran Hirpara · 13 June 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.

Overview

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function rather than a test that determines the diagnosis [1].
  • Nerve conduction studies are the best available indicator of overall disease severity for carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • Nerve conduction studies have some prognostic value for surgical outcome in carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • Ultrasound is a valid alternative confirmatory test compared with electrodiagnostic studies in detecting ulnar neuropathy at the elbow [2].
  • There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%) [9].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as EDS or US may increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of MNCV at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with each other and with clinical symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome [10].
  • Intraoperative electrodiagnosis may offer limited value in neonatal brachial plexus palsy surgery [5].
  • There is insufficient evidence to reach robust conclusions regarding the use of intraoperative electrodiagnosis in neonatal brachial plexus palsy surgery [5].
  • Electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in the diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions caused by rotator cuff tear in a rat model [12].

How It Works

  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, additional testing such as electrodiagnostic studies or ultrasound may increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Perioperative nerve preservation strategies and postoperative neurological assessments are important in the context of suprascapular nerve dysfunction [4].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of motor nerve conduction velocity at the elbow and forearm [6].
  • Measurement of ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm is especially indicated in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Compound muscle action potential amplitude was predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve [7].
  • Conventional electrodiagnostic parameters other than compound muscle action potential amplitude were not predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve [7].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [8].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated significant pain reduction for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [8].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated enhancement of hand function for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [8].
  • Distal motor latency is associated with clinical symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome [10].
  • Median nerve cross-sectional area is associated with clinical symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome [10].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with each other in carpal tunnel syndrome [10].
  • The overall usage of electrodiagnostic studies for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014 [11].
  • The preoperative usage of electrodiagnostic studies for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014 [11].
  • The decrease in electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome predates the 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline [11].
  • There is a significant association between increasing median nerve cross-sectional area at the distal wrist crease and increasing electrodiagnostic severity [13].
  • As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the cross-sectional area of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow [14].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated shorter sensory nerve onset latencies compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome only [15].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated shorter sensory nerve peak latencies compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome only [15].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated different patterns of wrist motor nerve conduction compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome only [15].
  • Patients with double-crush syndrome demonstrated different patterns of elbow motor nerve conduction compared to patients with carpal tunnel syndrome only [15].

What the Evidence Shows

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function and are the best available indicator of overall disease severity in carpal tunnel syndrome [1].
  • There is a discordance between diagnosis of mild-to-moderate median neuropathy based on signs and symptoms versus diagnosis based on electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound [3].
  • Patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as electrodiagnostic studies or ultrasound, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery when signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy [3].
  • Ulnar nerve motor nerve conduction velocity at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of motor nerve conduction velocity at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Chitosan phonophoresis demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction, pain reduction, and enhancement of hand function for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome [8].
  • The estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms is 73% [9].
  • The estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound is 51% [9].
  • There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound [9].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with each other [10].
  • Distal motor latency and median nerve cross-sectional area are associated with clinical symptoms [10].
  • Patient-reported preoperative disease severity may predict the expected postoperative change in ulnar nerve functional improvement [16].
  • Electrodiagnostic studies may not have prognostic value for patients undergoing cubital tunnel decompression [16].
  • Improvement in hand function may be possible for chronic stroke patients nine years after stroke following 15 sessions of electromyography-driven robotic treatment [17].
  • Negative preoperative electrodiagnostic studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of cubital tunnel syndrome do not exclude diagnosis [19].
  • Negative preoperative electrodiagnostic studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of cubital tunnel syndrome may be a positive predictive factor for short-term postoperative functional improvement [19].

Practical Considerations

  • Nerve conduction studies serve as a measure of impaired nerve function and the best available indicator of overall disease severity with some prognostic value for surgical outcome, rather than a test that determines the diagnosis [1].
  • When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as EDS or US, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery [3].
  • Intraoperative electrodiagnosis may offer limited value in neonatal brachial plexus palsy surgery, but there is insufficient evidence to reach robust conclusions [5].
  • Ulnar nerve MNCV at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of MNCV at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery [6].
  • Compound muscle action potential amplitude was predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve, but other conventional electrodiagnostic parameters were not [7].
  • The overall and preoperative electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014, predating the 2016 AAOS CPG [11].
  • Surgeons need to carefully evaluate suprascapular nerve integrity in cases of rotator cuff tear, as electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions in a rat model [12].
  • Ultrasound has comparable sensitivity and specificity to NCS in patients two or more standard deviations above or below the mean age for presentation of CTS [18].

Key Evidence

  • [L5] Nerve conduction studies should be understood not as a test that determines the diagnosis but as a measure of impaired nerve function, serving as the best available indicator of overall disease severity with some prognostic value for surgical outcome. [1] (10.1177/17531934231191685)
  • [L4] Ultrasound is a valid alternative confirmatory test compared with electrodiagnostic studies in detecting ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. [2] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014)
  • [L3] When signs and symptoms suggest mild-to-moderate median neuropathy and surgery is being considered, patients and clinicians might consider additional testing, such as EDS or US, to increase the probability of actual median neuropathy that can benefit from surgery. [3] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002751)
  • [L3] These findings highlight the importance of perioperative nerve preservation strategies and postoperative neurological assessments. [4] (10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.001)
  • [L4] Intraoperative electrodiagnosis may offer limited value in neonatal brachial plexus palsy surgery, but there is insufficient evidence to reach robust conclusions. [5] (10.1177/17531934261478357)
  • [L3] Ulnar nerve MNCV at the upper arm should be measured alongside routine assessment of MNCV at the elbow and forearm, especially in clinically severe cases considering surgery. [6] (10.1177/17585732241293360)
  • [L2] Compound muscle action potential amplitude, but not other conventional electrodiagnostic parameters, was predictive of functional outcomes after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.10.008)
  • [L1] This approach demonstrated significant improvements in nerve conduction, pain reduction, and enhancement of hand function. [8] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.02.006)
  • [L5] There is a severe discordance between the estimated prevalence of mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome based on clinical signs and symptoms (73%) versus electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasound (51%), calling into question whether clinicians can confidently diagnose patients with mild-to-moderate CTS. [9] (10.1097/corr.0000000000002822)
  • [L4] Distal motor latency and median nerve CSA were not only associated with each other, but also with clinical symptoms. [10] (10.1186/s12891-023-06881-1)
  • [L3] The overall and preoperative electrodiagnostic study usage for carpal tunnel syndrome has been decreasing since at least 2014, predating the 2016 AAOS CPG, reflecting the rapid implementation of evidence into practice. [11] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.019)
  • [L5] This underscores the need for surgeons to carefully evaluate suprascapular nerve integrity in such cases. [12] (10.1186/s12891-025-09195-6)
  • [L3] There was a significant association between increasing cross-sectional area and increasing electrodiagnostic severity. [13] (10.1177/15589447211066349)
  • [L2] As the severity of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow increases, the CSA of the ulnar nerve correspondingly increases at the elbow. [14] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004)
  • [L3] Patients with double-crush syndrome (DCS) demonstrated unique electrodiagnostic findings, including shorter sensory nerve onset and peak latencies and different patterns of wrist and elbow motor nerve conduction compared to CTR-only patients. [15] (10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00056)
  • [L3] Patient-reported preoperative disease severity may predict the expected postoperative change in ulnar nerve functional improvement, and EDS may not have prognostic value for patients undergoing cubital tunnel decompression. [16] (10.1016/j.jse.2024.01.055)
  • [L5] The improvement achieved 9 years later with 15 sessions of rehabilitation suggests that improvement may be possible for chronic stroke patients. [17] (10.1016/j.jht.2021.04.022)
  • [L4] Ultrasound has comparable sensitivity and specificity to NCS in patients two or more standard deviations above or below the mean age for presentation of CTS. [18] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.01.008)
  • [L4] However, negative preoperative EDX studies in the setting of strong clinical suspicion of CuTS do not exclude diagnosis and may in fact be a positive, rather than a negative, predictive factor for short-term postoperative functional improvement. [19] (10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.08.013)

References

[1] Use of nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2023. DOI: 10.1177/17531934231191685

[2] Diagnosis of Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow Using Ultrasound — A Comparison to Electrophysiologic Studies. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.08.014

[3] Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002751

[4] Radiological and electrodiagnostic insights into suprascapular nerve dysfunction: a key predictor of poor functional outcomes in shoulder hemiarthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.001

[5] Intraoperative electrodiagnostic testing as a decision-making tool for neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a scoping review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2026. DOI: 10.1177/17531934261478357

[6] Clinical significance of upper arm motor nerve conduction velocity in cubital tunnel syndrome. Shoulder & Elbow. 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17585732241293360

[7] Electrodiagnostic Predictors of Outcomes After In Situ Decompression of the Ulnar Nerve. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.10.008

[8] Effectiveness of chitosan phonophoresis on ulnar nerve conduction velocity, pain relief, and functional outcomes for mild to moderate cubital tunnel syndrome: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.02.006

[9] CORR Insights®: Diagnosis of Mild-to-moderate Idiopathic Median Neuropathy at the Carpal Tunnel Based on Signs and Symptoms is Discordant From Diagnosis Based on Electrodiagnostic Studies and Ultrasound. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 2023. DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002822

[10] Characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic carpal tunnel syndrome in terms of clinical, electrophysiological, and Sonographic features: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06881-1

[11] Has the Use of Electrodiagnostic Studies for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Changed After the 2016 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline?. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.09.019

[12] Electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions caused by rotator cuff tear in rat model. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2025. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-025-09195-6

[13] Ultrasound Measurements of the Median Nerve at the Distal Wrist Crease Correlate With Electrodiagnostic Studies. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211066349

[14] Association of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in Patients Evaluated for Ulnar Neuropathy. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.12.004

[15] Preoperative Electrodiagnostic Study Findings Differ Between Patients With Double-crush Syndrome and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Propensity Matched Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2024. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00056

[16] Electrodiagnostic severity does not predict short- to midterm outcomes of cubital tunnel release surgery. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.01.055

[17] The effect of Electromyography (EMG)-driven Robotic Treatment on the recovery of the hand Nine years after stroke. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2021.04.022

[18] The Diagnostic Utility of Ultrasound and Electrodiagnostic Studies in The Young and Old. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.01.008

[19] Electrodiagnostic Testing Predicts Postdecompression Outcomes in Patients With Cubital Tunnel Syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsg.2024.08.013

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Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.