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Lesión del ligamento lateral del tobillo

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

La mayoría de las lesiones de los ligamentos del tobillo ocurren en la parte externa, cuando el pie se gira hacia adentro bajo el cuerpo. Esto se conoce como lesión por inversión. El ligamento situado en la parte delantera del tobillo externo, llamado ligamento talofibular anterior o ATFL, suele ser el primero en lesionarse. Si la lesión es más grave, el ligamento situado debajo de éste, el ligamento calcaneofibular, también puede desgarrarse.

Por lo general, recordará un momento en que el tobillo se torsione, seguido de dolor, hematomas e hinchazón en la parte externa del tobillo. La hinchazón puede ser considerable. Ponerse de pie o apoyar peso sobre el pie resulta doloroso; incluso el más leve intento de girar el tobillo hacia adentro provoca un dolor intenso. El punto doloroso suele estar justo debajo y ligeramente por delante del hueso que sobresale en la parte externa del tobillo.

Las actividades cotidianas que implican carga sobre el tobillo externo se vuelven difíciles: caminar por una habitación, permanecer de pie mientras cocina, subir escaleras o impulsarse para caminar rápidamente pueden resultar dolorosas. Los terrenos irregulares, como aceras o césped, son desencadenantes frecuentes. El dolor suele intensificarse tras la actividad y, en los primeros días, puede palpitar por la noche.

Existen ciertos factores relacionados con su tobillo que aumentan la probabilidad de sufrir esta lesión. Si su pie adopta naturalmente una posición con arco elevado y girado hacia afuera, es más fácil que el tobillo ruede sobre su borde externo. Si ya ha sufrido un esguince en este tobillo, es más probable que vuelva a ocurrir.

Es importante saber que un tobillo torcido no siempre es simplemente un esguince: la misma lesión a veces implica una pequeña fractura o daño en los tendones que discurren por la parte externa del tobillo. Por eso su cirujano examina toda la pierna y el pie, no solo el punto doloroso, y puede solicitar radiografías para descartar una fractura.

Si el dolor, la hinchazón o la sensación de que el tobillo “cede” persisten seis semanas o más, podrían ser necesarias pruebas adicionales como una resonancia magnética para determinar si hay otras lesiones.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El tobillo es una articulación de tipo bisagra formada por huesos y por bandas de tejido resistente llamadas ligamentos. Los tres ligamentos situados en la parte externa del tobillo funcionan como cuerdas de sujeción en una tienda de campaña; evitan que el pie se incline hacia adentro al caminar, correr o aterrizar.

Cuando el pie se gira bruscamente, esas “cuerdas” se estiran en exceso o se desgarran. Más del 75 % de las lesiones ligamentosas del tobillo ocurren precisamente en este lado externo. El ligamento anterior, el ATFL mencionado anteriormente, es el más débil de los tres, por lo que es el primero en sufrir daños. Si la torsión es mayor, el ligamento inferior también se desgarra; en lesiones graves, los tres ligamentos ceden.

Los médicos clasifican estas lesiones en grados: un esguince de grado I significa que el ligamento está estirado pero no roto; un grado II indica un desgarro parcial; un grado III implica que el ligamento está completamente roto. La mayoría de estas lesiones, incluso las roturas totales, sanan sin necesidad de cirugía.

En algunos casos, el tobillo sigue sintiéndose inestable tras la curación inicial; esto se denomina inestabilidad crónica. El ligamento puede cicatrizar en una posición estirada, como una goma elástica que ha perdido su elasticidad. Además, el tobillo depende de nervios que indican su posición en el espacio; estos pueden verse afectados tras varios esguinces. El resultado es esa sensación de que el tobillo “cede” al caminar sobre terreno irregular o durante la práctica deportiva, tal como se describió antes.

La forma de la articulación del tobillo también influye: el hueso peroneo, situado en la parte externa, encaja en una ranura del hueso de la espinilla. En algunas personas, dicha ranura sujeta el peroneo con menos firmeza, lo que facilita la inestabilidad de la articulación cuando los ligamentos resultan dañados.

Si el tobillo sigue cediendo a pesar de una rehabilitación adecuada, la cirugía puede tensar o reconstruir los ligamentos externos para restaurar esa función de sujeción.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su lesión específica. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha recomendado consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En esa primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y solicitamos estudios de imagen cuando resulta necesario.

La mayoría de los esguinces de tobillo se resuelven sin cirugía. En los primeros días, le indicamos reposo, hielo, compresión y elevación, conocidos como el método RICE; además, se limita la carga de peso si ponerse de pie o caminar le resulta muy doloroso. A medida que los síntomas lo permiten, se reinicia gradualmente la carga de peso, siempre bajo supervisión. Posteriormente, la fisioterapia se enfoca en el equilibrio, en la percepción espacial del pie y en el fortalecimiento de los músculos situados en la parte externa del tobillo. Este entrenamiento disminuye la probabilidad de que vuelva a sufrir un esguince. El uso de una ortesis funcional, junto con dicho entrenamiento, reduce aún más el riesgo de recurrencia. Por lo general, aplicamos este enfoque durante unas seis semanas para evaluar sus resultados.

En esta fase, el alivio del dolor es sencillo. Los analgésicos y antiinflamatorios habituales, tomados según las indicaciones de su médico de cabecera o farmacéutico, le permiten mantener la movilidad mientras los ligamentos se recuperan.

La cirugía se considera cuando el tobillo sigue cediendo pese a haber seguido un programa de rehabilitación adecuado, o cuando un ligamento muy estirado no ha recuperado su fuerza original. La intervención consiste en tensar o reconstruir los ligamentos externos del tobillo para restablecer su función de soporte; se opta por ella una vez que el tratamiento no quirúrgico no ha producido mejoría suficiente. En algunos atletas de alto nivel con un desgarro completo reciente, puede proponerse una reparación temprana en lugar de probar primero con fisioterapia. Decidir si la cirugía es adecuada para usted es una decisión que tomamos en conjunto, ponderando tanto las necesidades de su tobillo como sus propias preferencias.

Qué esperar

En la mayoría de las personas, el esguince de tobillo mejora por sí solo. La mayor parte de estas lesiones, incluso las roturas completas, se curan sin necesidad de cirugía. Durante las primeras semanas, el dolor y la hinchazón disminuyen, y la marcha vuelve a ser más normal a medida que el ligamento se repara.

Sin embargo, algunos tobillos no mejoran de forma tan sencilla. Aproximadamente una de cada tres personas sigue presentando síntomas después de un esguince agudo; además, en muchas de ellas se observan cambios en la propia articulación. Si su tobillo sigue cediendo, o si el dolor e hinchazón persisten seis semanas o más, eso indica que se trata de algo más que un simple esguince. Estudios por imagen como la resonancia magnética pueden revelar qué más está ocurriendo.

El progreso durante las primeras semanas es crucial. Si no puede saltar ni aterrizar correctamente dos semanas después del esguince, o si a los seis meses sigue presentando mal equilibrio y una función limitada, es más probable que el tobillo se vuelva inestable a largo plazo. Por eso la rehabilitación temprana y los ejercicios de equilibrio mencionados anteriormente son tan importantes.

Si el tobillo permanece inestable y sigue “dándose vuelta”, esa inestabilidad repetida puede desgastar la superficie articular con el tiempo. La mayoría de los casos de artritis de tobillo derivados de lesiones comienzan con daño ligamentario; por ello, un tobillo persistentemente inestable merece ser tratado en lugar de ignorarse.

Cuando el tratamiento no quirúrgico no resulta suficiente, la cirugía para tensar o reconstruir los ligamentos externos puede restablecer la estabilidad. La mayoría de las personas sometidas a una intervención sencilla para corregir la inestabilidad del tobillo afirman posteriormente que el tobillo se siente estable; al cabo de un año, las radiografías suelen mostrar un tobillo estable y con movilidad completa. El pronóstico para un esguince sin inestabilidad aparente es idéntico al de un tobillo completamente inestable que se haya operado en el momento de la lesión.

La cirugía no garantiza volver exactamente al estado previo. Entre niños y adolescentes sometidos al procedimiento modificado de Broström, aproximadamente uno de cada cuatro volvió a sufrir un esguince entre cinco y diez años después; casi la mitad no logró recuperar su nivel deportivo anterior. Esto se observó sobre todo en atletas y en quienes también presentaban lesión del ligamento calcaneofibular.

Sea cual sea el curso que siga su tobillo, la realidad es la siguiente: la mayoría de los tobillos mejoran con una atención temprana adecuada; algunos necesitan cirugía para mantenerse estables, y un pequeño número conservará ciertos síntomas a largo plazo.

¿Cuándo consultar a un médico?

La mayoría de los esguinces de tobillo mejoran con cuidados sencillos; sin embargo, ciertos síntomas indican que su tobillo requiere una evaluación más detallada. Consulte a su médico de cabecera si no puede soportar ningún peso con el pie, si la zona ósea en la parte externa o interna del tobillo le duele al presionarla, o si el borde externo del pie o la base del dedo meñique le causan dolor. Estas zonas pueden ser indicio de una fractura en lugar de un simple esguince, por lo que podrían ser necesarias radiografías. Solicite la valoración de un especialista si el dolor, la hinchazón o la sensación de que el tobillo “cede” persisten durante seis semanas o más; si el tobillo sigue torciéndose durante la práctica deportiva o al caminar sobre terreno irregular; o si presenta bloqueos, atrapamientos o chasquidos. La entumecimiento en la parte superior del pie tras la lesión también merece ser evaluado.


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