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Lesión osteocondral del astrágalo

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

Una lesión osteocondral del astrágalo consiste en una pequeña zona de cartílago y hueso dañados en la superficie del astrágalo, el hueso que se encuentra debajo de la articulación del tobillo. Este daño puede deberse a un único esguince de tobillo, a esguinces repetidos a lo largo del tiempo, o a una combinación de causas aún no del todo comprendidas. Algunas personas con este tipo de lesión no sienten nada en absoluto; otras, en cambio, experimentan un dolor profundo en el tobillo que reaparece con frecuencia.

El dolor suele localizarse dentro de la articulación del tobillo y tiende a intensificarse con la actividad física; puede disminuir al detenerse y descansar. Es posible que el tobillo se hinche y se vuelva sensible al tacto alrededor de la articulación. Si ya ha sufrido esguinces en el mismo tobillo con anterioridad, ese historial suele coincidir con lo que está ocurriendo ahora.

En la vida cotidiana, este dolor puede dificultar el caminar, permanecer de pie durante largos períodos y empujar con el pie, haciendo que estas acciones resulten más complicadas de lo normal. Los terrenos irregulares, las escaleras y los deportes que implican carga sobre el tobillo pueden agravar los síntomas. Algunas personas notan que el tobillo se siente rígido o adolorido al volver a moverse después de estar sentadas o descansando.

Si algo de esto le resulta familiar, merece la pena que le examinen el tobillo adecuadamente. Una exploración por imagen puede mostrar la ubicación, el tamaño y la gravedad de la zona dañada, ya que pequeñas lesiones pueden no ser visibles en una radiografía convencional.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

El astrágalo es el hueso que se encuentra justo debajo de la articulación del tobillo. Su superficie superior está recubierta por una capa lisa y resbaladiza de cartílago; este material resistente permite que ambos huesos se deslicen uno sobre el otro sin fricción. Puede compararse con la banda de rodadura de un neumático: fuerte, ligeramente elástica y diseñada para soportar cargas cada vez que uno se para o camina.

En esta afección, un pequeño fragmento de ese cartílago, y a veces el hueso subyacente, resulta contusionado, agrietado o se desprende. La fuerza del traumatismo presiona las superficies articulares con tanta intensidad que daña dicha capa superficial. En ocasiones no existe un único traumatismo claro: el daño puede originarse por múltiples golpes leves, por problemas en el riego sanguíneo hacia esa zona ósea o por causas aún no del todo conocidas.

El fragmento dañado en sí no puede sentir dolor, ya que el cartílago carece de nervios. El dolor que se percibe proviene del hueso subyacente. Al caminar, el líquido se ve forzado a atravesar diminutas fisuras en el hueso bajo alta presión; esto irrita la superficie ósea, rica en terminaciones nerviosas, y genera ese dolor profundo y persistente. Con el tiempo, dicha presión también puede dar lugar a la formación de una pequeña cavidad llena de líquido, es decir, un quiste óseo. Si el fragmento dañado se desprende y queda flotando en la articulación, puede obstaculizar el movimiento, provocar hinchazón y ruidos articulares.

En algunos casos, los pequeños fragmentos dañados se estabilizan por sí solos con reposo y el paso del tiempo. No obstante, los fragmentos más grandes o aquellos que ya se han desprendido suelen seguir generando síntomas y pueden ir deteriorando progresivamente la articulación. Por ello, el tamaño, la profundidad y la ubicación del fragmento, que pueden determinarse mediante estudios de imagen, determinan lo que ocurrirá a continuación.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano de pie y tobillo en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido que nos consulte, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En su primera visita, tomamos su historia clínica, examinamos su tobillo y solicitamos las pruebas de imagen necesarias. Una tomografía computarizada, que genera una imagen detallada de los huesos, permite identificar con exactitud la ubicación del área dañada: en la parte delantera, media o posterior del astrágalo. Una resonancia magnética muestra con detalle el cartílago y el hueso, ayudándonos a determinar el tamaño y la profundidad de dicha zona dañada. Todos estos datos determinan nuestras recomendaciones posteriores.

En el caso de áreas dañadas pequeñas que aún no se han desprendido, normalmente iniciamos con un tratamiento no quirúrgico. Esto implica reposo, modificar la carga que se ejerce sobre el tobillo y realizar fisioterapia. La fisioterapia tiene como objetivo aliviar el dolor, fortalecer los músculos que sostienen el tobillo y estabilizar la articulación, incluso en terrenos irregulares. Le recomendamos probar este tratamiento durante un tiempo razonable antes de considerar la cirugía. El tratamiento no quirúrgico resulta eficaz en aproximadamente el 45 % de los pacientes con esta afección. Si la zona dañada se encuentra en una fase inicial, este suele ser el enfoque adecuado para comenzar. Algunas zonas dañadas más profundas también pueden tratarse inicialmente de esta forma, aunque con frecuencia requieren cirugía si los síntomas persisten.

Si la zona dañada es más extensa, se ha desprendido o el tratamiento no quirúrgico no le ha proporcionado suficiente alivio, le explicaremos en detalle las opciones quirúrgicas. El objetivo es acceder a la zona afectada, eliminar el tejido suelto o dañado y favorecer el crecimiento de nuevo tejido en dicho espacio. Para áreas pequeñas o medianas, normalmente se realiza una cirugía mínimamente invasiva llamada artroscopia, en la que se emplea una cámara delgada y pequeños instrumentos a través de incisiones diminutas. En el caso de zonas más grandes, la cirugía puede requerir el reemplazo de la superficie dañada por cartílago y hueso sano, ya sea extraído de otra zona de su propia rodilla o de tejido donado. Si sus ligamentos del tobillo se han distendido por esguinces repetidos, también podríamos tensarlos durante la intervención para proteger la superficie reparada y garantizar la salud a largo plazo de la articulación. La intervención concreta dependerá del tamaño, la profundidad y la ubicación de la zona dañada; le explicaremos cuál es la más adecuada para usted antes de tomar cualquier decisión conjunta.

Qué esperar

No existe un único curso clínico que siga esta afección. En ocasiones, pequeñas zonas dañadas se recuperan por sí solas con reposo y tiempo. En cambio, las zonas más extensas o aquellas en las que el fragmento dañado se ha desprendido suelen seguir causando síntomas y pueden deteriorar progresivamente la articulación. Por eso, el tamaño, la profundidad y la ubicación de dicha zona determinan lo que ocurrirá a continuación.

Si el tratamiento no quirúrgico le resulta eficaz, el pronóstico es favorable. Las zonas que mejoran tras un período inicial de reposo y modificación de las actividades se asocian con pocos síntomas a largo plazo, una baja tasa de recurrencia del problema y ninguna evolución significativa de la artrosis en el tobillo. Si, en cambio, no hay mejoría, la mayoría de las personas con síntomas persistentes o con fragmentos desprendidos necesitan cirugía.

El objetivo de la cirugía es aliviar el dolor y restablecer la funcionalidad del tobillo. La mayoría de las intervenciones razonables para esta afección arrojan resultados similares y satisfactorios; la elección entre ellas depende principalmente de las características de su lesión y no de que una técnica sea superior a otra. En el caso de zonas pequeñas tratadas mediante cirugía artroscópica, se reportan resultados buenos o excelentes en el 89 % de los pacientes menores de 50 años cuya lesión mide 1,5 cm² o menos. Los resultados son similares independientemente de si el daño se originó por una lesión traumática o no. Algunas intervenciones estimulan al cuerpo a generar nuevo tejido de reparación en el espacio afectado; en la mayoría de los casos, este crecimiento tisular se puede observar mediante estudios de imagen detallados. Otras opciones sustituyen la superficie dañada por cartílago y hueso sanos, y pueden emplearse de forma segura si una intervención previa no ha tenido éxito.

Conviene conocer también los límites de la cirugía. Tras la microfractura artroscópica, procedimiento en el que se realizan pequeños orificios en el hueso para favorecer la reparación, con el tiempo el hueso subyacente puede no recuperar por completo su altura normal; además, en algunos casos pueden agravarse pequeñas cavidades llenas de líquido en el hueso. Algunas personas siguen experimentando síntomas a pesar del tratamiento.

Si sus ligamentos del tobillo se han estirado por esguinces repetidos, reforzarlos al mismo tiempo que se trata la zona dañada puede proteger la superficie reparada y retrasar el deterioro del cartílago. Su cirujano le explicará qué opción se adapta mejor a su lesión y a sus objetivos.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si se ha torcido el mismo tobillo en más de una ocasión, o si siente un dolor profundo en el interior del tobillo que reaparece tras la actividad y mejora con el reposo. Solicite una evaluación por parte de un especialista si el tobillo se hincha y permanece sensible, si le parece inestable o se “deja caer” al caminar sobre terreno irregular, o si presenta sensación de atrapamiento, chasquidos o bloqueo. Estos síntomas pueden indicar la presencia de un fragmento suelto de cartílago dañado en la articulación. También pregunte sobre sus ligamentos: las torceduras repetidas pueden estirarlos, y esa laxitud puede seguir dañando la superficie articular. Vale la pena actuar a tiempo, pues un ligamento estirado y una zona dañada pueden agravarse mutuamente.


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