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Neuroma de Morton

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Esta página se tradujo automáticamente y todavía no la ha revisado un médico. La versión en inglés es la versión oficial.

Qué está sintiendo

El dolor se localiza en la parte anterior del pie, generalmente en el espacio entre el tercer y cuarto dedo. Aparece cuando un nervio en esa zona se engrosa e irrita. Este nervio tiene una estructura distinta a los nervios que se encuentran entre los demás dedos: es más grueso y está sujeto con mayor firmeza, lo que hace que se comprima y se estire al caminar.

El dolor se siente en la parte inferior del pie, en la base de los dedos. Puede describirse como un dolor ardiente o como una sensación de algo afilado en la parte anterior del pie. Al estar de pie o caminar, se ejerce presión sobre esa zona sensible, por lo que los síntomas suelen intensificarse a lo largo del día. Empujar contra el suelo al dar un paso puede empeorar el dolor; en cambio, al quitar el peso del pie, este suele aliviarse.

Algunas personas notan el dolor principalmente cuando están en movimiento, y no por la noche ni al despertar. Los episodios de dolor suelen aparecer tras realizar actividad física, cuando el nervio ha sido comprimido repetidamente.

En el día a día, esa zona sensible se hace notar de diversas formas: caminar por el supermercado, estar de pie junto a la encimera de la cocina o subir escaleras pueden ejercer presión sobre el nervio. Los zapatos también influyen: el calzado estrecho o ajustado comprime los huesos de la parte anterior del pie y presiona ese nervio; por eso muchas personas terminan aflojando los cordones o quitándose los zapatos debajo del escritorio. Algunas sienten la necesidad de detenerse a mitad de camino, sentarse y quitarse el zapato para masajear la zona dolorida.

Si esto describe lo que le ocurre en el pie, existen maneras de aliviarlo. En primer lugar se intentan tratamientos sencillos y no quirúrgicos; la cirugía solo se considera si estos no dan resultados.

¿Qué está ocurriendo realmente?

Entre los huesos de los dedos del pie, en lo profundo de la parte anterior del pie, discurre un pequeño nervio. El que se encuentra entre el tercer y cuarto dedo es distinto de los demás: es más grueso y está sujeto con mayor firmeza en su lugar. Dos ramas nerviosas se unen justo allí antes de extenderse hacia los dedos. Ese punto de unión se sitúa justo debajo de una fuerte banda de tejido que mantiene unidos los huesos del pie.

Al caminar, el peso del cuerpo comprime los huesos de la parte anterior del pie. El nervio queda atrapado entre ellos una y otra vez. Como está bien sujeto y no puede desplazarse, es él quien soporta la presión en lugar de moverse libremente. Imagínese una manguera de jardín atrapada bajo un felpudo pesado: cada paso la aplasta, y con el tiempo la manguera misma se altera. El nervio reacciona de la misma manera: se engrosa y se irrita; ese nervio engrosado es el punto doloroso que usted siente.

Los síntomas descritos anteriormente son consecuencia directa de esto. La presión sobre el nervio provoca el dolor ardiente en la parte anterior del pie. El apretón causado por zapatos ajustados comprime aún más los huesos, motivo por el cual el calzado estrecho empeora los síntomas. Al quitar el peso del pie, se libera la compresión; por eso el dolor disminuye al sentarse o al quitarse el zapato.

No existe ningún sistema de gradación para esta afección, ni prueba alguna que permita clasificarla como leve o grave. Lo importante es hasta qué punto interfiere con su vida cotidiana. En primer lugar se aplican tratamientos sencillos y no quirúrgicos, que resultan eficaces para muchas personas. La cirugía se contempla únicamente cuando dichos tratamientos no logran mejorar la situación. La operación habitual consiste en extirpar el propio nervio engrosado. La mayoría de quienes necesitan una segunda intervención porque el dolor reaparece obtienen un alivio real; el 67 % logra una resolución completa o una mejora notable.

Qué podemos hacer al respecto

El Dr. Kieran Hirpara, cirujano ortopédico especializado en pie y tobillo en el Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, comienza con las opciones menos invasivas que se adapten a su condición. Por lo general, los pacientes son derivados a nuestra clínica por su médico de cabecera; si un fisioterapeuta le ha sugerido consultarnos, igualmente necesitará una derivación de su médico de cabecera para poder acceder al reembolso de Medicare. En esa primera visita, tomamos un historial clínico detallado, examinamos su pie y solicitamos estudios de imagen si resultan necesarios. Las radiografías con carga pueden descartar otras causas de dolor en la zona anterior del pie, como una fractura por estrés. La ecografía es otra opción, y la resonancia magnética ayuda a diferenciar un neuroma de otras causas de dolor en la parte anterior del pie, como un quiste o una sinovitis.

Lo primero que probamos son medidas que usted mismo puede aplicar. Colocar una almohadilla blanda bajo la parte anterior del pie reduce la presión sobre la zona dolorida y alivia los síntomas. Optar por calzado más amplio y limitar los días en que permanece de pie durante largos periodos también ayuda, por la misma razón. La fisioterapia tiene como objetivo calmar la irritación y distribuir la carga de forma más uniforme a través del pie. Por lo general, le pedimos que pruebe estas medidas sencillas antes de considerar otras alternativas.

Si el autocuidado no logra mejorar la situación, podemos ofrecerle una inyección. El uso de ecografía para guiar la aguja garantiza que la cortisona se administre exactamente donde se encuentra el nervio. La cortisona es un potente antiinflamatorio que reduce la irritación alrededor del nervio. Las inyecciones de cortisona realizadas de esta manera han demostrado obtener mejores resultados en cuanto al alivio del dolor y la funcionalidad que las inyecciones de ácido hialurónico, sustancia lubricante que a veces se emplea para problemas del pie. Algunas personas experimentan un alivio duradero, mientras que otras ven cómo el dolor vuelve con el tiempo.

La cirugía se considera cuando estos tratamientos no han producido mejoría suficiente. La intervención habitual consiste en extirpar el nervio engrosado mediante una pequeña incisión en la parte superior del pie. Otra opción es remodelar los huesos de la zona anterior del pie para distribuir mejor la presión al caminar; este procedimiento también se realiza mediante incisiones pequeñas y presenta un bajo índice de complicaciones. Analizaremos juntos qué opción se adapta mejor a su pie y a sus objetivos, y decidiremos cuál es el siguiente paso a seguir.

Qué esperar

El neuroma de Morton rara vez desaparece por sí solo, pero no tiene por qué dominar su vida. En la mayoría de las personas, el cuadro clínico se caracteriza por episodios de exacerbación y remisión: el dolor aumenta a lo largo del día cuando se está de pie, y disminuye al sentarse o al quitarse los zapatos. Si no se trata, tiende a reaparecer, especialmente si el calzado y las actividades que ejercen presión sobre el nervio permanecen iguales.

En primer lugar se prueban tratamientos simples y no quirúrgicos; muchas personas obtienen buenos resultados con ellos. Cambiar de calzado, usar una almohadilla bajo la parte anterior del pie, reducir el tiempo que se pasa de pie durante el día y la fisioterapia buscan disminuir la presión sobre el nervio. Si estos métodos no logran mejorar los síntomas, una inyección de cortisona puede reducir la irritación. Algunas personas experimentan alivio duradero, mientras que otras ven cómo el dolor vuelve con el tiempo. No existe un plazo fijo para la duración de los síntomas; lo importante es hasta qué punto esa zona dolorida afecta su calidad de vida.

La cirugía se considera únicamente cuando estos tratamientos no han producido mejoría suficiente. La intervención habitual consiste en extirpar el nervio engrosado; la mayoría de los pacientes que necesitan una segunda operación por la reaparición del dolor obtienen un alivio real. Los resultados reportados por los pacientes tras la extirpación de un neuroma sintomático son aceptables, aunque no siempre tan positivos como indicaban informes previos; por ello, es razonable tener expectativas realistas en lugar de esperar una solución perfecta.

Hay algunos aspectos que vale la pena conocer antes de decidirse. La extirpación del nervio puede dejar una zona insensible entre los dedos afectados; en algunas personas se forma un punto sensible en el lugar donde se cortó el nervio. Las intervenciones que modifican la forma de los huesos de la parte anterior del pie pueden desplazar parte de la carga sobre los dedos vecinos, provocando dolor en ellos. Por estas razones, el cirujano procurará adaptar la operación a su pie en particular, y la cirugía se reserva para cuando los tratamientos menos invasivos hayan sido probados adecuadamente.

¿Cuándo consultar a un especialista?

Acuda a su médico de cabecera si experimenta un dolor ardiente en la parte anterior del pie que se repite con frecuencia, especialmente si empeora tras caminar o estar de pie y mejora al sentarse o al quitarse los zapatos. Solicite una evaluación especializada si medidas sencillas como usar calzado más amplio, colocar una almohadilla bajo la parte anterior del pie o recibir fisioterapia no han dado resultados tras un período razonable; o si el dolor le impide realizar su trabajo habitual o sus actividades diarias. Esta afección no es peligrosa ni constituye una emergencia. No obstante, cuanto antes se reduzca la presión sobre el nervio, mayores serán sus posibilidades de evitar una cirugía en el futuro.


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