Patients › Shoulder
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty
Reverse shoulder replacement for severe rotator cuff tears and arthritis—when a traditional replacement isn’t ideal.
Why this operation has been suggested¶
Dr Kieran Hirpara, an upper-limb surgeon at Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, starts with the least invasive options that suit your condition. Patients are generally referred to our clinic by their GP; if a physiotherapist has suggested you see us, you will still need a referral from your GP in order to be eligible for the Medicare rebate. We assess you by talking through your history, examining your shoulder, and arranging imaging where it is needed.
A reverse shoulder replacement is a joint replacement that swaps the usual ball-and-socket arrangement of the shoulder around, so the ball sits where the socket was and the socket sits where the ball was. We usually suggest it when the rotator cuff, the group of tendons that steadies the shoulder, is badly worn or torn, or when other shoulder problems have not settled with non-operative care such as activity change, physiotherapy, splinting or injections. For some injuries, surgery may be recommended straight away. The operation aims to relieve pain and improve how your shoulder moves and works. Clinical benefits are maintained out to 10 years. We will talk through the benefits and risks with you, and the decision is one you make together with us.
Before the operation¶
Once you and your surgeon have agreed on a reverse shoulder replacement, we will arrange the tests needed to plan your operation. This usually means X-rays of your shoulder, and sometimes a CT scan, which is a detailed scan that builds a three-dimensional picture of the bone. These images help us plan the position of the new joint parts and measure your shoulder carefully before the day of surgery. You will also be asked about your general health, including any past operations on your shoulder, medicines such as steroids, and conditions like osteoporosis, which is thinning of the bones. Please bring a list of your current medications to your appointment. If you take certain medicines, your surgeon may ask you to stop them briefly before surgery. You will need to fast for seven hours beforehand; we ask for a little longer than usual so you can be brought forward if the theatre list runs early. Arrange for someone to drive you home afterwards, and wear loose, comfortable clothing. If you have other medical conditions, you may need blood tests or a review with the anaesthetist, the doctor who gives the anaesthetic.
On the day¶
On the day of surgery you come to the hospital's surgical admissions unit. You are checked in there and prepared for theatre. You do not go to a ward first.
This operation is done under general anaesthetic combined with a regional nerve block. The anaesthetist will meet you before the operation and talk you through both parts.
You are then taken into the operating theatre, where the operation is performed. When it is finished, you wake up in the recovery area. Nurses watch you there while the anaesthetic wears off. Once you are stable, you move to a ward.
What the operation involves¶
Your surgeon makes a single cut over the area being operated on to reach the shoulder joint. The worn-out joint surfaces are removed and replaced with new metal and plastic parts. The usual ball-and-socket arrangement is swapped around, so the ball sits where the socket was and the socket sits where the ball was. This is what makes it a "reverse" replacement. The new parts are designed so the strong muscle that caps your shoulder, the deltoid, can lift the arm instead of the worn or torn rotator cuff tendons.
During the operation, your surgeon works carefully around the tendons and other soft tissues of the shoulder. If some of these tissues are in good condition, they are stitched back onto the new implant once it is in place. The new parts are positioned and sized using the plan made from your X-rays and scans before the day of surgery.
When the new joint is in place, the wound is closed. A fine self-adhesive mesh is laid over the closed wound first, holding the skin edges together. A liquid skin adhesive is then painted over the mesh, where it sets to seal the whole thing. This stays on for roughly one to two weeks and then lifts and peels away by itself, so there is nothing to be taken out.
After the operation¶
You will wake up in the recovery area, and once you are stable you move to a ward. Nurses check on you there and give you medicine to keep you comfortable. Your arm rests in a simple sling for support; it comes off for exercises and washing. Most patients stay one or two nights in hospital after this operation. We leave the dressing on for about 10 days; please do not take it off before then unless we tell you to. We change or remove it when we see you. A physiotherapist will usually see you before you go home to start gentle movements. Please arrange for someone to stay with you for the first 24 hours after you get home.
Recovery¶
The first days at home are about rest and comfort. Your shoulder will be sore and swollen, and the sling is there to support the arm between exercise times. Simple pain medicine, taken as directed, usually keeps this manageable. The discomfort tends to ease steadily as the weeks pass, and most people find the swelling settles before the stiffness does.
Your physiotherapist will guide your exercises, starting with gentle movements and building up as your shoulder allows. The sling comes off for these sessions and for washing. You will be able to do light tasks around the house with your other hand while the operated arm recovers. Sleep can be awkward at first; many people find it easier resting propped up in a chair or with pillows until lying down feels comfortable again.
Milestones come as events rather than dates. Once your surgeon clears you to drive, typically at the six-week review, you can get back on the road; our separate guide covers driving after upper-limb surgery. As movement returns, everyday tasks like dressing and reaching become easier. When your physiotherapist is happy with your strength, you can return to the activities you enjoyed before, and most people who were active before this operation get back to those activities afterwards.
Recovery varies from person to person. Your timeline may differ, and your surgeon and physiotherapist will guide you along the way.
What can go wrong¶
Most patients do well, but problems can occasionally happen. Your surgeon and the team monitor you closely to spot any issue early.
Sometimes the new joint can slip out of place. You might feel a sudden clunk, followed by pain and a shoulder that will not move normally. If this happens, contact the clinic straight away or go to the emergency department.
Infection can develop around the new joint. Watch for a deep, throbbing pain that does not ease with simple painkillers, redness spreading out from the wound, or fevers. Tell the clinic promptly if you notice any of these signs. Infection is treated in stages, and most infections around a shoulder replacement can be cleared with this approach.
The new parts can work loose over time. This usually shows up as pain that returns or worsens, sometimes with a clicking or grinding feeling. Bring this up at your next review so it can be checked with X-rays.
Nerves run close to the shoulder, and they can be bruised or irritated during surgery. You might notice numbness, tingling or weakness in the arm. Often this settles on its own, but mention it at your review so it can be tracked.
Small breaks in the bone around the new joint, or in the bony point at the top of the shoulder, can happen. You would feel a sharp pain, often after a fall or a heavy push. Contact the clinic if this occurs.
A blood clot can occasionally form after shoulder surgery, typically causing sudden swelling and tenderness in the calf. If you notice this, seek medical attention promptly.
Some things raise the chance of problems. Men have a higher chance of complications after this operation for a broken upper arm. Having had a previous rotator cuff repair also raises the chance of infection around the new joint. A steroid injection into the shoulder means waiting at least 4 weeks before surgery, and we will plan around that.
The complications table on this page lists typical rates if you want the specifics.
When to call us¶
Most problems after this operation show up with warning signs you can spot at home. Call us if you notice fever, increasing redness or discharge around the wound, or pain that keeps getting worse instead of easing. Go to emergency if you have sudden severe pain, your shoulder looks out of shape, or you cannot move the arm. Calf swelling with tenderness, or shortness of breath, needs emergency care straight away. Call us too if you lose feeling in the arm or hand, or notice new numbness and tingling that does not settle.
In more depth¶
Advanced reading: the deeper science (optional)
This section goes further than you need for your own treatment decisions. Reverse shoulder replacement is worth the extra reading because it is the operation that solved a problem previously thought unsolvable, a shoulder with no working rotator cuff, and because its characteristic complication is one most patients have never heard of.
Why reversing the joint works¶
A normal shoulder is a ball on the arm and a socket on the shoulder blade, and it depends on the rotator cuff to hold the ball centred while the deltoid lifts. Where the cuff is gone, a conventional replacement has nothing to stabilise it and the ball simply rides upwards.
The reverse design swaps them: the ball is fixed to the shoulder blade and the socket to the arm. That moves the centre of rotation inwards and downwards, which lengthens the deltoid's lever arm and lets it lift the arm on its own. It is a mechanical solution rather than a biological one: it does not repair anything, but makes the remaining muscle sufficient.
That also explains the pattern of what it restores. Overhead elevation usually returns well. Rotation depends on muscles the operation does not replace, so reaching behind the back often remains limited, and that should be part of the expectation set before surgery rather than a disappointment after it.
Where it has displaced older operations¶
For fractures, the shift has been decisive. Pooling 228,523 patients, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty gave better functional outcomes and complication rates than hemiarthroplasty, and a more favourable revision profile than plate fixation, in elderly patients with proximal humerus fractures [1].
An implant detail worth knowing, because it is often raised: comparing standard components with fracture-specific components in reverse replacement for these fractures across 436 patients found no significant differences in clinical outcomes or complication rates [2].
The complication to know about¶
The one that matters here is the acromial or scapular stress fracture, the bone above the joint cracking under the increased deltoid tension the design deliberately creates. It is the direct consequence of the mechanism that makes the operation work.
A meta-analysis identified the risk factors: patients who sustained these fractures were older with lower BMI, and other risks included osteoporosis, inflammatory arthritis, female sex and previous rotator cuff repair [3]. A separate review found the literature reports these fractures inconsistently, significant discrepancies in how they are defined, diagnosed and counted [4], so quoted rates should be read with caution.
Set against that, the short-term picture is reassuring: overall rates of mortality and medical and surgical complications are low in the first 90 days, with only 6% of patients requiring readmission [5].
Two things the evidence does not support¶
That the subscapularis must be repaired. Across 267 patients, there were no differences in abduction, internal rotation or external rotation strength after reverse replacement with or without subscapularis repair, though the authors note the literature on strength outcomes is limited [6].
That the indication does not affect the result. It does. At two or more years, Constant scores were significantly higher in patients having reverse replacement for primary osteoarthritis with an intact cuff than for primary osteoarthritis with cuff tears or for secondary osteoarthritis [7]. The same operation gives different results depending on why you needed it, which is worth knowing when you are quoted an average.
References for the advanced reading
- Mekhail J, Mullan R, Cross JL, Jahagirdar O, Luo X, Salameh M. Outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty vs. other surgical fixation methods for proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2026;6(2):100644.
- Apivatgaroon A, Kongmalai T, Kongmalai P. Standard compared with fracture-specific components in reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humeral fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Joint J. 2025;107-B(9):931-41.
- Elmenawi KA, Sperling JW, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Barlow JD. Risk factors for acromial and scapular fractures following reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2026;6(1):100578.
- Davie RA, Nathan K, Persaud SG, Oladeji LO, Taylor SA, Dines JS, et al. Inconsistent reporting of risk factors for acromial stress fractures following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2025;34(11):e975-e984.
- Kent LM, Hurley ET, Davey MS, Klifto CS, Mullett H. Low complication rate following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty at 90-days follow-up: a systematic review. J ISAKOS. 2024;9(2):205-10.
- Preuss FR, Eble SK, Peebles AM, Osuna-Garcia A, Provencher CMT. Shoulder strength outcomes after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review. JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2022;2(2):131-4.
- Nové-Josserand L, Nerot C, Colotte P, Guery J, van Rooij F, Hibon A, et al. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis: significantly different characteristics and outcomes in shoulders with intact vs. torn rotator cuff. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2024;33(4):850-62.
Evidence & references
This is the clinical evidence summary written for health professionals. It is technical, and it lists the research this page was built from. You do not need to read it to understand your treatment or to make a decision about it.
Anatomy & Pathophysiology¶
Glenoid and Scapular Anatomy¶
- The glenoid is suspended from the body of the scapula by the neck and fixed to the clavicle by the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments [3].
- As the face of the glenoid transitions into the neck, the glenoid vault narrows [3].
- The scapular spine is subcutaneous posteriorly and widens gradually as it transitions into the base of the acromion laterally [3].
- The acromion curves anteriorly and meets the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and the coracoid via the coracoacromial ligament, which originates under the anterior margin of the acromion [3].
- The suprascapular nerve arises from the C4–C5 nerve roots off of the supraclavicular brachial plexus at “Erb’s point” [3].
- The suprascapular nerve runs just medial to the base of the coracoid, under the transverse scapular ligament within the suprascapular notch, and gives off branches to the supraspinatus within 1 cm of the notch [3].
- The suprascapular nerve continues through the supraspinatus fossa heading laterally and distally on the under surface of the supraspinatus [3].
- The suprascapular nerve runs under the ill-defined spinoglenoid ligament around the lateral base of the scapula within spinoglenoid notch before terminating in posterior capsular sensory branches heading laterally and an infraspinatus motor branch heading medially within 1 cm of the lateral margin of the scapular spine [3].
- Cadaver studies show the suprascapular nerve is present 29 mm (23 to 35 mm) from the superior rim of the glenoid at the suprascapular notch [3].
- Cadaver studies show the suprascapular nerve is present 18 mm (14 to 24 mm) from the posterior rim at the spinoglenoid notch [3].
- Injury to the suprascapular nerve can cause pain and denervation of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus [3].
Biomechanics and Pathophysiology¶
- Anatomic total shoulder arthroplasties and hemiarthroplasties are dependent on the rotator cuff to center the head in the glenoid and to optimize larger periscapular muscle function [7].
- In the absence of a functional rotator cuff, the deltoid pulls the humerus proximally, shearing along the glenoid and resulting in eccentric glenoid wear, acetabularization of the acromion, and pseudoparalysis [7].
- The reverse shoulder arthroplasty does not require the rotator cuff for function but is dependent on an intact deltoid neuromuscular unit [7].
- The semiconstrained nature of the reverse prosthesis provides a stable fulcrum that allows the deltoid to elevate the shoulder even in the absence of a functional rotator cuff [4].
- In the Grammont reverse prosthesis, the center of rotation is medial to the glenoid component–bone interface to decrease shear stress and provide compressive stress, aiming to decrease the chances of glenoid loosening [4].
- The humeral component in the Grammont design is inset, resting almost completely inside the proximal humerus metaphysis [4].
- The opening angle of the polyethylene in the Grammont design is relatively horizontal at 155 degrees compared with conventional arthroplasty [4].
- Once articulated, the humerus is more medial and more distal than preoperatively, providing a mechanical advantage to the deltoid for active elevation in the absence of a rotator cuff [4].
- The traditional Grammont style decreases shear forces seen by the glenoid and lowers baseplate failure by medializing the center of rotation, but this is associated with the risk of inferior scapular notching in adduction [7].
- Distalization doubles the lever arm of the deltoid and optimizes the length–tension curve of its sarcomeres, increasing its efficiency by 30% at the cost of rotational strength [7].
- Lateralized glenosphere and lateralized humerus designs have gained popularity to improve the rotational profile, deltoid function, implant stability, and decrease impingement such as scapular notching [7].
- Early reverse designs had a high failure rate due to the profound lever arm on the glenoid and baseplate bone [7].
- Recent reverse designs have a better track record but increased forces are seen by the scapula and acromion [7].
Periprosthetic Scapular Fracture Pathophysiology¶
- Periprosthetic scapular fractures are universally associated with stable glenoid implants [2].
- Fracture is unlikely in the face of dislocation, glenosphere dissociation, or baseplate pullout at the bone–baseplate interface [2].
- Periprosthetic scapular fracture has been noted to result in new glenohumeral instability due to the change of the orientation of the glenosphere and loss of deltoid tension [2].
- Postoperative periprosthetic scapular fracture is a challenge unique to reverse shoulder arthroplasty and occurs more commonly than humeral fractures [7].
- Postoperative periprosthetic scapular fractures are an effect of nonphysiologic forces transferred from the implant to the scapula, often in a suboptimal host [7].
- Fatigue fracture has been found to occur through already weakened acromiums or those with preexisting lesions [7].
- Acromial thinning and eventual fragmentation occur at the final stages of rotator cuff-tear arthropathy as the humeral head acetabularizes [7].
Clinical Presentation¶
Periprosthetic Scapular Fractures¶
- The weak point in periprosthetic scapular fracture injuries is the scapular bone [2].
- Periprosthetic scapular fractures are unlikely in the presence of dislocation, glenosphere dissociation, or baseplate pullout at the bone–baseplate interface [2].
- Periprosthetic scapular fractures have been noted to rarely result in new glenohumeral instability [2].
- New glenohumeral instability following periprosthetic scapular fracture is due to a change in the orientation of the glenosphere and loss of deltoid tension [2].
- Diagnosis of periprosthetic fractures is often subtle and requires a high index of suspicion [2].
- Workup for periprosthetic fractures should begin with a complete history and examination [2].
- Past medical history should elucidate the underlying diagnosis for the index surgery and subsequent surgeries [2].
- Complications including infection should be accounted for in the past medical history [2].
- The examiner should understand the patient's shoulder function and level of disability before surgery, after surgery, and at present [2].
- The examiner should understand the time course of changes in shoulder function and disability [2].
- In the case of a stress reaction, new pain at the base of the acromion may be the only finding [2].
- New pain at the base of the acromion in a stress reaction should raise suspicion and spark further imaging or a period of rest [2].
- Stress fractures can be more painful than after they propagate into a displaced fracture [2].
- Patients typically present around their 8th decade of life after a sudden increase in pain or loss of function [2].
- Patients typically present after a sudden increase in pain or loss of function in an otherwise smooth postoperative course [2].
- Presentation for periprosthetic scapular fracture is generally within 1 year but up to 2 years from surgery [2].
- Patients who go on to have periprosthetic scapular fractures initially outperform those who do not [2].
- Past medical history must identify risk factors including a history of steroid use, osteoporosis, subacromial decompression, or rotator cuff tear arthropathy [2].
- Previous operative reports, clinic notes, and imaging can help provide a thorough understanding of any previous surgeries on the shoulder or history of radiation [2].
- Physical examination starts with inspection [2].
- Deformity is concerning for dislocation, hematoma, or displaced fracture [2].
- Erythema or incisional dehiscence is concerning for infection [2].
- Tenderness along the acromion or scapular spine raises suspicion for fracture which should be confirmed with imaging [2].
- A complete neurovascular examination is performed as part of the physical examination [2].
- Assessment of active and passive motion is performed as part of the physical examination [2].
- Fracture can result in motion limited by pain, new weakness, or loss of function [2].
- Infection should be investigated with laboratory tests [2].
- A sudden loss of function or increase in pain is consistent with both scapular fracture and infection [2].
- A sudden loss of function or increase in pain should trigger further workup [2].
Investigations¶
Periprosthetic Scapular Fracture Diagnosis and Workup¶
- Diagnosis of periprosthetic scapular fractures is often subtle and requires a high index of suspicion [2].
- The workup for periprosthetic scapular fractures should begin with a complete history and examination [2].
- The examiner should understand the patient's shoulder function and level of disability before surgery, after surgery, and at present, as well as the time course of these changes [2].
- New pain at the base of the acromion may be the only finding in a stress reaction and should raise suspicion for further imaging or a period of rest [2].
- Patients with periprosthetic scapular fractures typically present around their 8th decade of life after a sudden increase in pain or loss of function in an otherwise smooth postoperative course [2].
- Periprosthetic scapular fractures generally occur within 1 year but up to 2 years from surgery [2].
- Inspection for deformity is concerning for dislocation, hematoma, or displaced fracture [2].
- A complete neurovascular examination is performed as well as assessment of active and passive motion [2].
- A sudden loss of function or increase in pain is consistent with both scapular fracture and infection and should trigger further workup [2].
Preoperative Imaging and Planning¶
- Careful assessment of the preoperative radiographs and CT with three-dimensional reconstruction is extremely useful in preparation for surgery [5].
- The main goals of preoperative imaging include understanding the fracture pattern and anticipating the ideal height of stem implantation [5].
- Radiographs of both humeri (affected and unaffected) with magnifier markers may be used to understand where the stem should be positioned in reference to the fracture line on the humeral shaft [5].
- The glenoid should be assessed in radiographs and CT to plan for component positioning, version, inclination, and rotation, as well as anticipated screw length [5].
- Associated fractures of the rim of the glenoid in anterior or posterior fracture-dislocations are rare [5].
- Most of the times, the size of the fractured glenoid rim is small enough not to interfere with secure baseplate placement [5].
- If the size of the fractured glenoid rim is large enough to interfere with the stability of the glenoid baseplate, fixation with small fragment screws may be performed [5].
- The glenoid should be assessed on CT for glenoid component implantation [5].
- Most surgeons do not use fluoroscopy for this procedure [5].
Treatment¶
Indications and Rationale¶
- Reverse shoulder arthroplasty is the replacement procedure of choice when arthroplasty is considered for proximal humeral fractures [4].
- Tuberosity and rotator cuff-related complications are the main reason for poor functional outcome when a humeral head replacement is implanted for management of a proximal humeral fracture [4].
- Shoulder arthroplasty is considered for proximal humeral nonunion in the presence of severe cavitation and bone loss at the humeral head and metaphysis or collapse and degenerative change of the humeral articular surface [6].
- Severe tuberosity malunion in the setting of a proximal humeral nonunion is more reliably compensated for with reverse arthroplasty than with osteotomy and internal fixation [6].
- Reverse shoulder arthroplasty may improve shoulder function in patients with nonunions associated with severe tuberosity malunions [6].
Prosthesis Design and Biomechanics¶
- The Grammont reverse prosthesis features an articulating glenoid component shaped as a third of a sphere [4].
- In the Grammont design, the center of rotation is medial to the glenoid component–bone interface to decrease shear stress and provide compressive stress, aiming to decrease the chances of glenoid loosening [4].
- The opening angle of the polyethylene in the Grammont design is 155 degrees [4].
- Articulation of the Grammont implants results in the humerus being more medial and more distal than preoperatively, providing a mechanical advantage to the deltoid for active elevation [4].
- The 155-degree opening angle in the Grammont design was selected to decrease the chances of dislocation [4].
- The humeral component in the Grammont design was recommended to be implanted in more anteversion (0 to 10 degrees of retroversion) than conventional arthroplasty [4].
- Subsequent reverse designs with a larger portion of a sphere place the center of rotation more lateral than the Grammont prosthesis [4].
- Subsequent reverse designs with a larger portion of a sphere utilize an opening angle of 135 degrees for the humeral component [4].
- Later reverse designs introduced onlay humeral bearings that lateralize the position of the humerus without changing the center of rotation [4].
- Later reverse designs with onlay humeral bearings utilize a 145-degree opening angle for the bearing [4].
- There is very little published on reverse arthroplasty biomechanics in the setting of a proximal humeral fracture [4].
Surgical Technique and Tuberosity Management¶
- Some surgeons initially elected to implant a reverse arthroplasty in proximal humeral fractures without repair, or sometimes with excision, of the greater tuberosity and/or lesser tuberosity [4].
- Healing of at least the greater tuberosity in good position provides a higher chance of restoration of active external rotation [4].
- Not performing a tuberosity repair at the time of reverse arthroplasty for proximal humeral nonunion has been correlated with a higher rate of dislocation [4].
- Technical principles for reverse arthroplasty in fracture may need to be modified to enhance tuberosity healing by avoiding translating the humeral shaft too lateral or too distal, allowing the tuberosities to overlap a few millimeters with the shaft [4].
- Use of a stem with fracture-dedicated features, such as a proximal ingrowth surface, small cross section, and holes for suture fixation, may be beneficial [4].
Comparison with Hemiarthroplasty¶
- Hemiarthroplasty is less commonly considered than reverse arthroplasty for proximal humeral nonunion [6].
- The functional outcome of hemiarthroplasty for nonunion is particularly concerning when tuberosity osteotomies need to be added [6].
- Studies reporting on hemiarthroplasty for nonunion suggest the procedure may be effective in reducing or eliminating pain but is associated with a high rate of complications that often require further surgery and disappointing functional recovery [6].
Complications¶
- Scapular notching is a complication of reverse shoulder arthroplasty [1].
- The clinical impact of scapular notching on outcomes after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has been analyzed in a study of 476 shoulders [1].
- Humeral version in reverse shoulder arthroplasty affects impingement during activities of daily living [1].
- Subscapularis tendon integrity impacts shoulder function after reverse shoulder arthroplasty [1].
- Component positioning affects the intrinsic stability of the reverse shoulder arthroplasty [1].
- Humeral component lateralization in reverse shoulder arthroplasty affects rotator cuff torque [1].
References¶
[1] Campbell S Operative Orthopaedics 4 Volume Set. RECONSTRUCTIVE PROCEDURES OF THE SHOULDER AND ELBOW IN ADULTS > REVERSE SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY.
[2] Rockwood And Green S Fractures In Adults. 29: Principles of Nonunion and Bone Defect Treatment > Injuries Associated with Periprosthetic Scapular Fractures About Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty.
[3] Rockwood And Green S Fractures In Adults. 29: Principles of Nonunion and Bone Defect Treatment > Pathoanatomy and Applied Anatomy Related to Periprosthetic Scapular Fractures About Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty.
[4] Rockwood And Green S Fractures In Adults. 29: Principles of Nonunion and Bone Defect Treatment > Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty.
[5] Rockwood And Green S Fractures In Adults. 29: Principles of Nonunion and Bone Defect Treatment > Preoperative Planning > Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for Fracture: Preoperative Planning Checklist.
[6] Rockwood And Green S Fractures In Adults. 29: Principles of Nonunion and Bone Defect Treatment > Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty and Hemiarthroplasty.
[7] Rockwood And Green S Fractures In Adults. 29: Principles of Nonunion and Bone Defect Treatment > Periprosthetic Scapular Fractures About Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty.