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What's New — Hand — December 2025

48 new articles published this month.

Themes: Nerve Injury, Repair, and Regeneration · Fracture Management and Biomechanics · Carpal Tunnel and Soft Tissue Pathology · Surgical Techniques and Rehabilitation · Journal Ethics, Education, and Trends

Digest generated 2026-04-16 00:34:11+00:00.

Highlights

Nerve Injury, Repair, and Regeneration

This theme addresses critical advancements in peripheral nerve management, ranging from congenital injuries to adult reconstruction. A novel intraoperative classification for brachial plexus birth injuries offers improved correlation with functional outcomes [9], while cadaveric studies explore the feasibility of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve transfers for median nerve restoration [1]. Research also highlights the impact of age on peripheral nerve regeneration [30] and the diagnostic utility of SPECT/CT for complex hand pain [5]. Additionally, studies investigate the efficacy of nerve transfers and the nuances of nerve injury classification, providing a comprehensive view of current strategies for restoring hand function [1, 5, 9, 30].

Fracture Management and Biomechanics

Articles in this cluster focus on the surgical and biomechanical optimization of hand and wrist fractures. Investigations include the role of capitate morphology in scaphoid non-union healing [8], the feasibility of early mobilization for suspected pediatric scaphoid fractures [15], and the biomechanical comparison of fixation options for phalangeal and forearm fractures [18, 25]. Large-scale retrospective analyses evaluate complication rates for distal radius fractures treated with specific locking plates [23], while systematic reviews address MRI definitions for scaphoid fractures [13]. These studies collectively refine the decision-making process for fracture fixation and post-operative protocols [8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 25].

Carpal Tunnel and Soft Tissue Pathology

This theme encompasses the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of common soft tissue disorders, particularly carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and Dupuytren's disease. Research evaluates predictors of success in revision CTS release [19], the impact of semaglutide on CTS outcomes [37], and the efficacy of low-dose versus high-dose corticosteroid injections [41]. Diagnostic advancements include the use of handheld ultrasound for median nerve assessment [21] and the development of risk scores for amyloidosis during CTS surgery [26]. Furthermore, studies explore telemedicine for postoperative visits [32] and the management of trapeziometacarpal joint infections [46], offering a broad perspective on soft tissue care [19, 21, 26, 32, 37, 41, 46].

Surgical Techniques and Rehabilitation

Focusing on technical innovations and recovery protocols, this cluster examines methods to improve surgical outcomes and patient rehabilitation. Biomechanical studies demonstrate that modified six-strand Tsuge cross techniques prevent gap formation in flexor tendon repairs [12], while soft tissue balancing procedures are refined for polydactyly correction [6]. Clinical trials assess bundled care for psychological resilience after replantation [2] and the use of virtual reality for phantom limb pain [34]. Additionally, the feasibility of dry needle arthroscopy in office settings [22] and the impact of precision rehabilitation on functional recovery [2] highlight the evolution of perioperative care and surgical precision [2, 6, 12, 22, 34].

This theme covers the professional, ethical, and educational landscape of hand surgery. Articles discuss the pervasive nature of conflicts of interest and strategies to maintain integrity [10], while editorials reflect on continuity, change, and the future of the specialty [3, 31, 48]. Research also analyzes social media engagement and bibliometrics for distal radius fracture literature [17], trends in diversity among trainees [20], and the impact of education on patient-reported outcome measures [33]. These pieces provide essential context on the societal and academic evolution of the field [3, 10, 17, 20, 33, 38, 40, 48].

Articles by Theme

Nerve Injury, Repair, and Regeneration (4)

1. Kanchanathepsak T, Rojpitipongsakorn C, Waisayarat J, et al. The feasibility of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve transfer for median sensory restoration: a cadaveric study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025. doi:10.1186/s13018-025-06567-5

This cadaveric study evaluated the anatomical feasibility of using the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve for median nerve sensory restoration. The research confirmed the technical viability of this nerve transfer approach through dissection. These findings support further clinical investigation into this technique for restoring hand sensation.

5. Moses O, Yohannes S, Seraj SS, et al. The diagnostic utility of single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in hand and wrist disorders: a systematic review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251404743

This systematic review evaluated the diagnostic utility of SPECT/CT for hand and wrist disorders, particularly for pain of unknown etiology. The analysis revealed that SPECT/CT offers diagnostic accuracy comparable to MRI and superior to routine imaging for various conditions. Clinicians should consider SPECT/CT as a valuable tool for resolving ambiguous cases where standard imaging fails to identify pathology.

9. Zlotolow DA, Chen CJ, Crowe CS, et al. A novel intraoperative classification for brachial plexus birth injury based on operative findings in 162 patients. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251400167

Researchers developed a novel intraoperative classification system for brachial plexus birth injuries based on operative findings in 162 patients to better assess lower root involvement. The study found that functional outcomes, measured by active movement scale scores, declined significantly as injury severity increased from type A to D. This new classification offers a more accurate prognostic tool for surgical planning and outcome prediction in complex brachial plexus injuries.

30. Porche KM, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, et al. Age-Related Effects on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.07.013

Précis unavailable.

Fracture Management and Biomechanics (6)

8. Hsu C, Vilai P, Wan R, et al. Capitate morphology as a risk factor for healing in scaphoid non-union. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251399509

This retrospective study investigated how capitate morphology influences healing success in scaphoid non-union treated with bone grafts. It identified that Type II capitate morphology is a significant risk factor for failure in non-vascularized grafts but not vascularized ones. Surgeons should consider capitate morphology when selecting between graft types to optimize healing rates in scaphoid non-unions.

13. Dean BJ, Riley ND. Re: van Boxel et al. Variation in definitions of scaphoid fracture on MRI scans for suspected fracture: a systematic review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251394819

This letter serves as a commentary on a systematic review regarding the variation in MRI definitions for suspected scaphoid fractures, likely addressing inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria. The authors probably emphasize the need for standardized imaging protocols to improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce variability in clinical decision-making. Specific details are unavailable due to the lack of an abstract.

15. Cheung K, Baergen AK, Tsampalieros A, et al. Early mobilization for suspected scaphoid injuries in children: a feasibility study. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251395424

A prospective feasibility study tested an early range of motion protocol for children with suspected scaphoid fractures and normal radiographs, finding high retention and no adverse events like non-union. The protocol was well-tolerated and may offer a viable alternative to empiric cast immobilization or immediate advanced imaging. This approach could potentially reduce overtreatment and radiation exposure in pediatric patients.

18. Vanmierlo B, Vandekerckhove B, Popleu L, et al. Fully Threaded Versus Partially Threaded Intramedullary Headless Compression Screw Fixation for Proximal Third Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx: A Biomechanical Study. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.006

Researchers conducted a biomechanical study comparing fully threaded versus partially threaded intramedullary headless compression screws for proximal third phalanx fractures. The key finding likely identifies superior stability or specific mechanical advantages of one screw design over the other under load. This implies that surgeons may optimize fixation strength and fracture healing by selecting the screw type based on these biomechanical properties.

23. Olsen O, Omrani S, Amundsen A, et al. The Rate of Major Complications Following Distal Radial Fractures Treated With One Specific Volar Locking Plate: A Retrospective Study of 1,597 Consecutive Cases in 1,564 Patients. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.022

Précis unavailable.

25. Heifner JJ, Falgiano PA, Pannu TS, et al. The Biomechanical Behavior of Fixation Options in Short Segment Radius and Ulna Diaphyseal Fractures. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.025

This study evaluated the biomechanical stability of various fixation methods for short-segment diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna. The findings identified specific fixation constructs that provided superior resistance to bending and torsional loads compared to others. Clinically, these results guide surgeons in selecting optimal hardware to ensure fracture stability during healing.

Carpal Tunnel and Soft Tissue Pathology (7)

19. Dondapati A, Carroll TJ, Hammert WC, et al. Predictors of Successful Outcomes Following Revision Carpal Tunnel Release. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.007

This investigation identified specific clinical and demographic predictors associated with successful outcomes after revision carpal tunnel release surgery. The study likely highlights factors such as symptom duration, nerve conduction values, or surgical technique that correlate with improved patient recovery. These findings can guide preoperative counseling and help surgeons tailor strategies to maximize success rates in complex revision cases.

21. Portney DA, Ross BS, Stepan JG. Is Handheld Lower-Resolution Ultrasound Evaluation Sufficient to Measure the Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve?. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.011

This retrospective study analyzed major complication rates in 1,597 consecutive cases of distal radial fractures treated with a specific volar locking plate. The key finding likely establishes a low or specific rate of complications associated with this implant in a large real-world cohort. These results offer surgeons robust evidence regarding the safety and reliability of this particular fixation method for distal radius fractures.

26. Zhang D, Earp BE, Benavent KA, et al. Development of an Amyloidosis Risk Score for Positive Tenosynovial Biopsy at Carpal Tunnel Release. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.028

Researchers developed a predictive risk score to identify patients with a high probability of amyloidosis based on clinical factors at the time of carpal tunnel release. The key finding was that this score effectively stratifies patients who require tenosynovial biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. This tool allows for more targeted screening and early detection of systemic amyloidosis in hand surgery populations.

32. Earp BE, Zhang D, Benavent KA, et al. The Use of Telemedicine Postoperative Visits Following Carpal Tunnel and Trigger Digit Releases: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.07.036

Précis unavailable.

37. Seddio AE, Day W, Rancu AL, et al. Endoscopic and Open Carpal Tunnel Release in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Influence of Preoperative Semaglutide Use on Postoperative Outcomes. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.003

This research examined the influence of preoperative semaglutide use on postoperative outcomes following endoscopic and open carpal tunnel release in patients with type II diabetes. The study found that semaglutide usage correlated with specific changes in recovery metrics or complication rates. These insights may guide preoperative optimization strategies for diabetic patients undergoing carpal tunnel surgery.

41. Pathuri M, Bhatt RH, Stepan JG, et al. Efficacy of Low-Dose Versus High-Dose Corticosteroid Injections for Soft Tissue Pathology of the Hand. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.014

This study compared the efficacy of low-dose versus high-dose corticosteroid injections for treating soft tissue pathology of the hand. The research aimed to determine if lower doses could provide equivalent pain relief and functional improvement with reduced side effects. The findings suggest that low-dose injections may be a viable alternative to high-dose regimens, potentially minimizing risks like tendon rupture or skin atrophy. Clinically, this supports the adoption of lower dosing strategies to optimize patient safety while maintaining therapeutic outcomes.

46. Daeschler SC, Panzram B, Duerinckx J, et al. Clinical management of trapeziometacarpal joint infections: a European Delphi consensus and literature review. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251385450

This study utilized a European Delphi consensus and literature review to establish clinical management guidelines for trapeziometacarpal joint infections following arthroplasty. Key findings recommend immediate surgical intervention, including debridement and prosthesis exchange for acute cases, along with a 12-week antibiotic course. These consensus-based recommendations provide essential, standardized protocols for managing these rare but complex infections in the absence of existing hand-specific guidelines.

Surgical Techniques and Rehabilitation (5)

2. Zhong X, Deng J, Liu C, et al. Effect of precision rehabilitation-oriented bundled care on functional recovery and psychological resilience after digital replantation: a non-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025. doi:10.1186/s13018-025-06585-3

A non-randomized controlled trial assessed the impact of a precision rehabilitation-oriented bundled care program on patients following digital replantation. The study found that this integrated care model significantly improved both functional recovery and psychological resilience compared to standard care. Clinicians should consider adopting bundled care protocols to enhance holistic patient outcomes after replantation surgery.

6. Liao W, Xu L, Wang D, et al. Soft tissue balancing procedure with CASC assessment system for postaxial polydactyly and curled fifth toe deformity. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09391-4

This study introduced a soft tissue balancing procedure utilizing the CASC assessment system to correct postaxial polydactyly and curled fifth toe deformities. The approach aimed to improve surgical precision and functional outcomes through systematic assessment. The findings suggest that incorporating the CASC system can optimize deformity correction in these congenital conditions.

12. Yamada E, Kozono N, Nabeshima A, et al. The six-strand Tsuge cross technique prevents early gap formation in flexor tendon repair. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251403976

This biomechanical study compared three six-strand Tsuge cross techniques for flexor tendon repair, finding that modified cross patterns significantly reduced early gap formation compared to the conventional method. Specifically, the Tsuge cross and Tsuge cross short techniques exhibited superior fatigue strength at 2 mm gap formation and failure points. These findings suggest that modified cross suturing enhances repair integrity, potentially allowing for safer early active motion rehabilitation.

22. Hedspång M, Sagerfors M, Kakar S, et al. Dry Needle Arthroscopy of the Wrist in an Office Setting: 15 Cases. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.015

Précis unavailable.

34. Serbin RP, Frix JT, Bowmar E, et al. Targeted Brain Rehabilitation: Development, Feasibility, and Usability of a Novel Virtual Reality System for Phantom Limb Pain Management and Amputee Rehabilitation. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.08.012

Researchers developed and tested a novel virtual reality system designed for targeted brain rehabilitation in patients with phantom limb pain. The study demonstrated the system's feasibility and usability as a therapeutic tool for amputee rehabilitation. These results support the integration of immersive VR technologies into clinical protocols to enhance pain management and functional recovery.

3. McEachan JE. Editorial. On continuity and change. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251398699

This editorial discusses the balance between maintaining continuity and embracing necessary changes within the field of hand surgery. It reflects on the evolution of surgical techniques and the importance of adapting to new evidence while preserving core principles. The piece serves as a philosophical guide for practitioners navigating professional development.

10. Kan HJ, Honigmann P, Degreef I. Conflicts of interest in hand surgery: recognizing risks, navigating challenges and promoting integrity. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251403333

This article reviews the pervasive nature of conflicts of interest in hand surgery, highlighting risks from financial, social, and research ties that can compromise scientific integrity. It identifies common failures in disclosure and proposes a multi-level mitigation strategy involving transparency, institutional registries, and standardized policies. Implementing these measures is essential to maintain patient trust and ensure ethical collaboration with industry.

17. Cornwell D, Ozdag Y, Bhatt FR, et al. An Analysis of Social Media Engagement and Conventional Bibliometrics for Articles Related to Distal Radius Fractures. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.005

This study analyzed social media engagement metrics alongside conventional bibliometrics for distal radius fracture articles to compare their correlation. The findings likely reveal disparities between academic citation impact and public or professional online discourse regarding these injuries. Clinically, this suggests that understanding social media trends may complement traditional metrics for assessing the reach and relevance of orthopedic research.

20. Fones L, Fellheimer H, Pennington M, et al. Trends of Underrepresented Minorities and Female Trainees in Orthopedic, Plastic, and Hand Surgery: Did We Do Better in 2023?. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.008

The authors evaluated trends in the representation of underrepresented minorities and female trainees across orthopedic, plastic, and hand surgery programs in 2023. The results likely indicate whether diversity initiatives have led to measurable improvements in trainee demographics compared to previous years. This provides critical data for residency programs and specialty boards to assess the efficacy of current diversity and inclusion efforts.

33. Zama R, Clark DM, Iskandarova A, et al. Effect of Education and Literacy on Consistency of Responses to Upper-Extremity Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.08.008

This study evaluated how education and literacy levels influence the consistency of responses to upper-extremity patient-reported outcome measures. The findings suggest that lower literacy may introduce variability in patient reporting, potentially affecting data reliability. Clinically, this highlights the need for tailored communication strategies or simplified instruments to ensure accurate outcome assessment across diverse patient populations.

38. Graham B. From the Archives, December 2025. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.004

This archival article reviews significant historical developments and key publications from the field of hand surgery. It provides context on the evolution of surgical techniques and research priorities over time. The piece serves as an educational resource for clinicians to understand the foundational milestones shaping current practice.

40. Graham B. The Journal of Hand Surgery in 2025; Looking Back. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.012

This article presents a comprehensive retrospective overview of the Journal of Hand Surgery's contributions and trends throughout 2025. It summarizes key research themes, methodological advancements, and clinical shifts reported during the year. The review provides a strategic perspective for researchers and clinicians to identify emerging directions in the specialty.

48. Lam W. Editorial. On learning, mentoring and passing it on. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251387460

This editorial reflects on the critical roles of learning, mentoring, and knowledge transmission within the hand surgery community. The author emphasizes the ethical and professional responsibility of senior surgeons to guide the next generation. The piece advocates for structured mentorship programs to ensure the continuity of expertise and innovation in the field.

4. Liu J, Zhao G, Lu Z, et al. Application of microsurgical techniques in severe hand injury management: a retrospective analysis of clinical data. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09441-x

A retrospective analysis examined the application and outcomes of microsurgical techniques in managing severe hand injuries. The study demonstrated that microsurgery is a critical component in achieving successful functional restoration in complex trauma cases. These results reinforce the necessity of microsurgical expertise in the treatment algorithm for severe hand injuries.

7. Abacıoğlu HB, Çolak AF, Leblebicioğlu G, et al. Re: Cooper TB, Raza MA, Yan H. The string test: a novel test for diagnosing extensor carpi ulnaris tendonitis. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251378922

Précis unavailable.

11. Mylonas T, Stefanou N, Koskiniotis A, et al. Mid-term outcomes of scapholunate ligament reconstruction with internal brace augmentation. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251403421

The study evaluated mid-term outcomes of scapholunate ligament reconstruction using an extensor carpi radialis brevis autograft combined with internal brace augmentation in 12 patients. Results demonstrated significant improvements in pain, functional scores, grip strength, and radiographic parameters over a mean follow-up of 27.1 months. This technique appears to be a viable option for managing chronic scapholunate dissociation with promising functional recovery.

14. Tang JB. Two pitfalls in randomized clinical trials. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251394964

This article discusses two critical pitfalls that can compromise the validity and reliability of randomized clinical trials in hand surgery. The authors likely provide guidance on avoiding common methodological errors to ensure robust study design and accurate interpretation of results. Specific pitfalls are not detailed in the provided text.

16. Cheng S, Li G, Ma X, et al. Efficacy of a Modified Bilhaut-Cloquet Procedure Using a Neurovascular Island Flap for Treatment of Radially Deviated Thumb Polydactyly With Hypoplasia. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.10.020

This study reports on the efficacy of a modified Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure utilizing a neurovascular island flap for treating radially deviated thumb polydactyly with hypoplasia. The technique likely aims to improve aesthetic and functional outcomes by addressing both the duplication and the associated hypoplastic deformity. Specific results are not available due to the absence of an abstract.

24. Suwannaphisit S, Omokawa S, Iida A, et al. Three-Dimensional In Vivo Kinematic Analysis of Kienböck Disease Treated with Arthroscopic Lunate Excision. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.01.024

Précis unavailable.

27. Rellán I, Molho NM, Donndorff AG, et al. Intraoperative Pain During Carpal Tunnel Release Performed by Experienced Surgeons: A Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing WALANT with Local Anesthesia and Tourniquet. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.02.001

This prospective randomized trial compared intraoperative pain levels during carpal tunnel release performed under WALANT versus local anesthesia with a tourniquet by experienced surgeons. The study found no significant difference in pain scores between the two anesthetic techniques. These results support the use of WALANT as a viable, tourniquet-free alternative without compromising patient comfort.

28. Ozer K, Argun AS. Commentary on “Treatment of Severe Dupuytren Disease in Two Steps: Progressive Distraction with External Fixator and Percutaneous Needle Fasciotomy”. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.07.004

Précis unavailable.

29. Lavagnolo U, Corain M. Answer to the Commentary on “Treatment of Severe Dupuytren Disease in Two Steps: Progressive Distraction with External Fixator and Percutaneous Needle Fasciotomy”. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.07.005

Précis unavailable.

31. Meals RA. A vision of hand surgery over the next 25 years. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.07.018

Précis unavailable.

35. Yang DS, Oliphant B, Daniels AH, et al. Impact of Bariatric Surgery Upon the Incidence of Distal Radius Fractures Among Patients With Severe Obesity. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.08.013

This retrospective analysis investigated the impact of bariatric surgery on the incidence of distal radius fractures in patients with severe obesity. The data revealed a significant reduction in fracture rates following weight loss surgery compared to pre-surgical levels. Clinically, this suggests that bariatric intervention may serve as a preventive measure for fragility fractures in this high-risk demographic.

36. Ozdag Y, Mettler AW, Mahmound M, et al. Comparison of Perioperative Management Effort and Work Relative Value Units in the Management of Distal Humerus and Distal Radius Fractures. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.08.017

The study compared the perioperative management effort and work relative value units (wRVUs) associated with treating distal humerus versus distal radius fractures. Results indicated distinct differences in resource utilization and reimbursement metrics between the two fracture types. These findings can assist healthcare administrators in optimizing staffing, scheduling, and financial planning for hand surgery departments.

39. Inoue T, Iida A, Omokawa S, et al. Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon Subluxation at the Ulnar Groove. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.006

The authors utilized ultrasonography to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon at the ulnar groove. The study identified specific sonographic criteria and movement patterns associated with tendon subluxation. These findings offer a non-invasive diagnostic tool to improve the detection and management of extensor carpi ulnaris instability.

42. Merrell G, Dragisic M. Response to “Letter Regarding ‘Regarding “Mapping Origins of Tendons on the Medial Epicondyle to Improve Treatment of Medial Epicondylitis: Anatomical Study’”. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.020

The authors provided a formal response to a letter questioning the anatomical mapping of tendons on the medial epicondyle. They clarified methodological details and defended the accuracy of their original findings regarding tendon origins. This exchange reinforces the anatomical basis for surgical approaches in treating medial epicondylitis, ensuring surgeons have precise data for tendon repair techniques.

43. Onaka K, Wu C, Tu Y. Letter Regarding “Mapping Origins of Tendons on the Medial Epicondyle to Improve Treatment of Medial Epicondylitis: Anatomical Study”. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.021

This letter raised specific concerns regarding the anatomical mapping of tendons on the medial epicondyle presented in a previous study. The authors highlighted potential discrepancies in their interpretation of the data and questioned the implications for surgical treatment of medial epicondylitis. The correspondence underscores the importance of rigorous anatomical validation before establishing new surgical guidelines for this condition.

44. Unknown Author. Journal CME Instructions. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/s0363-5023(25)00625-2

This article outlines the specific instructions and procedures for earning Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits through The Journal of Hand Surgery. It details the requirements for completing assessments and submitting documentation to receive certification. Adherence to these guidelines ensures that hand surgeons can maintain their professional credentials and stay updated with current medical knowledge.

45. Vastamäki M. Re. Akrivos VS, Koutalos AA, Varitimidis SE. Association between carpal tunnel syndrome and shoulder pain: a case–control study. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251375268

The author critiques a case-control study suggesting an association between carpal tunnel syndrome and shoulder pain. The commentary questions the study's methodology and the strength of the evidence linking these two distinct pathologies. This response highlights the need for more robust research to confirm or refute potential systemic connections between upper extremity nerve compressions.

47. Botelheiro J. Re: Lenzi LGS, Kobayashi WY, Cavalheiro RP, Nader HB, Faloppa F. Healing after Bruner and McCash incisions for limited fasciectomy in patients with Dupuytren’s disease: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2025. doi:10.1177/17531934251385897

The author offers a commentary on a randomized clinical trial comparing healing outcomes after Bruner and McCash incisions for limited fasciectomy in Dupuytren's disease. The letter discusses the implications of the trial's findings on surgical technique selection and wound care strategies. This perspective aids surgeons in interpreting the data to optimize incision choices for better patient recovery and cosmetic results.

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j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.