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Distal Radius Fracture

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Distal radius fractures — assessment, casting, and indications for surgical fixation.

Updated Aug 2026
A hand-drawn illustration of a faceless person who has fallen forward onto an outstretched hand, the wrist taking the impact.
X-ray of a displaced distal radius fracture — the most common adult fracture pattern. The end of the forearm bone has snapped just above the wrist joint and shifted out of line. Kieran Hirpara 4.0

What you're feeling

You likely felt a sudden, sharp pain in your wrist or forearm the moment you fell or took a direct hit. It is common to hear or feel a snap or pop as the bone breaks. Your wrist may have looked deformed, bent, or swollen immediately after the injury. You probably found it difficult or impossible to move your hand or lift anything with that arm.

In the first few days, you will notice significant swelling and bruising around the wrist and forearm. The pain can be intense, especially when you try to move your fingers or wrist. You might feel a throbbing sensation, particularly at night when you are lying down. This is your body’s natural response to the trauma. Your surgeon will focus on reducing this swelling and keeping the bones in the correct position to prevent long-term issues.

As healing begins over the next few weeks, the sharp pain will gradually settle into a duller ache. You may still feel stiffness or discomfort when you try to use your hand for simple tasks, like holding a cup or turning a doorknob. Some patients report that their wrist feels weak or unstable during these early stages. This is normal as the soft tissues and bones start to mend.

While the bone injury is the main concern, you might also experience tingling or numbness in your fingers. This happens if the swelling presses on the nerves in your wrist. Combined nerve issues are rare, but any change in sensation should be reported. Your surgeon will monitor these symptoms closely to ensure they do not lead to longer-term problems.

Most people find that the acute pain improves steadily with proper support and rest. However, you should expect some lingering discomfort during daily activities for several weeks. Your surgeon will guide you on when it is safe to start gentle movement to prevent stiffness. The goal is to restore your wrist’s strength and function without causing further damage.

What's actually happening

Your wrist is a complex hinge where two forearm bones meet your hand. A distal radius fracture means the larger of these two bones has broken near the wrist joint. This break disrupts the smooth surface that allows your hand to glide and rotate. When the bone fragments shift out of place, the joint no longer aligns correctly. This misalignment causes pain, swelling, and a loss of normal movement.

Think of your wrist like a door hinge. If the hinge pins become bent or misaligned, the door will stick, wobble, or refuse to close properly. Similarly, when the radius bone fragments are displaced, your wrist loses its mechanical stability. The bones cannot support weight or transmit force effectively. This is why lifting objects or bearing weight on your hand feels impossible or painful right now.

Healing requires the broken bone ends to knit back together. For this to happen, the fragments must be held in their correct anatomical position. If the bone collapses or shifts during healing, the wrist may heal in a weakened or deformed state. This can lead to long-term stiffness or arthritis. Your surgeon’s primary goal is to restore and maintain this anatomic alignment to ensure optimal function.

In some cases, the break involves additional instability. We may use internal plates, external frames, or pins to hold the bones steady while they heal. These methods provide the structural stability needed for the bone to knit securely. In rare instances, nearby nerves like the median or ulnar nerve may be affected, causing numbness or weakness. However, combined nerve palsy is exceedingly rare. Most often, the issue is purely mechanical.

The presence of an associated ulnar styloid fracture does not typically affect the final outcome of the radial fracture. Therefore, we focus primarily on the stability and alignment of the radius itself. With proper fixation and early management, the risk of nonunion is minimal. The goal is to return you to full function with a stable, pain-free wrist.

What we can do about it

Dr Kieran Hirpara, an upper-limb surgeon at Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, starts with the least invasive options that suit your condition. You reach our clinic by GP or physiotherapist referral. For acute injuries like a broken wrist, we do not wait to see if conservative care fails. We choose your treatment path based on the injury pattern from the start. If your fracture is stable or only slightly out of place, we usually recommend non-operative care. This involves wearing a sling, splint, or cast to keep the bone still. We monitor your healing with repeat imaging where needed. You will start moving your wrist and fingers again in stages, guided by physiotherapy, to restore strength and flexibility.

Surgery is recommended from the outset if your fracture is displaced, unstable, or involves specific complex patterns. We also consider surgery if the final position of the bone would not meet your functional needs or pain tolerance. The goal is to restore and maintain anatomic alignment so you can return to your daily activities. We present this as a shared decision. You and your surgeon weigh the benefits of a precise bone position against the risks of an operation. For displaced fractures, external fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins is an option that yields reliably good results with a low complication rate. Volar plating may offer superior radiological results compared to k-wiring, though functional outcomes at 32 months are similar. We also use bone graft substitutes to provide structural stability, which may allow an early return to function. The risk of nonunion is minimal in these fractures.

Both paths share the same core priorities in the early weeks. We focus on effective pain control to help you rest and sleep. We protect the injury while it heals, ensuring you do not put weight on the wrist. Soft tissue complications, such as tendon injury or nerve dysfunction, can be more problematic than the bone injury itself. Early accurate diagnosis of any associated soft tissue issues provides the best outcomes. We monitor for signs of nerve issues, though combined median and ulnar nerve palsy is exceedingly rare. You will engage in physiotherapy at the right stage to regain movement. Delayed diagnosis of intrinsic carpal ligament injuries can lead to arthritis within 10 years if not treated, so we are vigilant about these details. Our aim is to avoid long-term consequences through early diagnosis and appropriate management.

What to expect

Your bone typically takes six to eight weeks to heal enough for you to remove your cast or splint. During this time, you will feel stiffness and weakness in your wrist and hand. This is normal. Your surgeon will guide you through gentle movements to restore flexibility. Most people return to daily tasks like dressing and eating within a few weeks.

If you have a displaced fracture, you may need surgery to hold the bone in place. Options include a plate inside the wrist or an external frame with pins. These methods have low complication rates and low reoperation rates. You can expect reliably good results. Some patients experience a small loss in wrist height, but this does not usually affect function. An associated fracture of the ulnar styloid (the bony bump on the pinky side) does not change your outcome.

Full recovery takes months. You may return to work and sport as pain allows and your surgeon approves. The risk of the bone failing to heal (nonunion) is minimal. However, soft tissue issues can be more problematic than the bone injury itself. These include tendon irritation, nerve dysfunction, or skin problems. Combined nerve palsy is exceedingly rare. If you have a fracture-dislocation, early recognition and maintaining alignment are key to optimal outcomes.

Delayed diagnosis of ligament injuries can lead to arthritis within 10 years. Early accurate diagnosis provides the best outcomes. Your surgeon prioritizes preventing complications and treating them early to avoid long-term consequences. You should expect a steady improvement in function over several months. Patience is essential as your wrist regains strength and range of motion.

When to see someone

Seek urgent care if you have deformity, an open wound, numbness or tingling, or cannot use your limb. These signs need immediate assessment to prevent long-term problems. Soft tissue complications can be more serious than the bone injury itself. Early diagnosis helps avoid lasting consequences. If pain is not settling, or if swelling and movement do not improve week on week, see your GP. Ask for a specialist review to ensure proper healing. Delayed treatment of related injuries can lead to arthritis within 10 years. We prioritize preventing complications so you get back to function safely.

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 18 May 2026.

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For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

Overview

  • Prevention of complications associated with distal radius fractures should be the treating surgeon's primary concern [1].
  • Early diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid long-term consequences of distal radius fracture complications [1].
  • Combined median and ulnar nerve palsy related to distal fractures of the radius is exceedingly rare [2].
  • Combined median and ulnar nerve palsy complicating distal radius fractures require a standardised management strategy [2].
  • Optimal outcomes in the treatment of forearm fracture–dislocations depend on early recognition and management [4].
  • Restoration and maintenance of anatomic alignment are key principles for optimal outcomes in forearm fracture–dislocations [4].
  • Novel locking plate designs have resulted in a rethinking of the contemporary approach to distal radius fracture fixation [6].
  • A certain degree of radial height loss is noted in patients undergoing fracture fixation with volar locking plate for extra-articular distal radius fractures [7].
  • An associated ulnar styloid fracture does not affect the outcomes of a distal radial fracture [8].
  • Clinicians should be cautious in electing operative treatment for patients with an ulnar styloid fracture [8].
  • Bone graft substitutes are primarily used to provide structural stability in distal radius fractures [9].
  • Bone graft substitutes may facilitate early return to function in distal radius fractures [9].
  • The risk of nonunion is minimal in distal radius fractures [9].
  • External fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins is an excellent option for treating displaced fractures of the distal radius [10].
  • External fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins yields reliably good results for displaced distal radius fractures [10].
  • External fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins has a low reoperation rate for displaced distal radius fractures [10].
  • External fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins has a low complication rate for displaced distal radius fractures [10].
  • Die punch fragment size is not an indicator of the need for or use of a dorsal approach in distal radius fracture fixation [17].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Prevention of complications associated with distal radius fractures should be the treating surgeon's primary concern, with early diagnosis and treatment being important to avoid long-term consequences [1].
  • Combined median and ulnar nerve palsy related to distal fractures of the radius are exceedingly rare but require a standardized management strategy [2].
  • Optimal outcomes in the treatment of forearm fracture–dislocations depend on early recognition and management, with restoration and maintenance of anatomic alignment being the key principles [4].
  • An associated ulnar styloid fracture does not affect the outcomes of a distal radial fracture and clinicians should be cautious in electing operative treatment for patients with an ulnar styloid fracture [8].
  • Bone graft substitutes are primarily used to provide structural stability and perhaps early return to function in distal radius fractures, where the risk of nonunion is minimal [9].
  • Metaphyseal collapse ratio, a novel radiographic parameter, was found to provide a reliable measure of metaphyseal comminution, and to be significantly correlated with other radiographic parameters that predict distal radius fracture instability [11].
  • There may be radiographic factors other than measures of deformity that some surgeons use to determine recommendations for surgery [12].
  • Early accurate diagnosis of intrinsic carpal ligament injuries provides for best outcomes, while delayed diagnosis leads to arthritis within 10 years if not treated [16].
  • DP fragment size is not an indicator of the need for or use of a dorsal approach in distal radius fracture fixation [17].
  • Pronation effectively increases the proximal 'safe zone' of the posterior interosseous nerve, suggesting the forearm should be placed in pronation to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury [18].
  • CT scan should be requested only by experienced hand surgeons in order to help guide treatment, as it does not significantly improve inter- and intra-observer agreement for all classification systems [20].

Classification

  • CT scans do not significantly improve inter- and intra-observer agreement for the AO, Fernandez, and Universal classification systems for distal radius fractures [20].
  • The metaphyseal collapse ratio (MCR) is a novel radiographic parameter that provides a reliable measure of metaphyseal comminution [11].
  • The metaphyseal collapse ratio (MCR) is significantly correlated with other radiographic parameters that predict distal radius fracture instability [11].

Clinical Presentation

  • Bone graft substitutes are primarily used to provide structural stability and perhaps early return to function in distal radius fractures [9].
  • Metaphyseal collapse ratio is a novel radiographic parameter that provides a reliable measure of metaphyseal comminution [11].
  • Metaphyseal collapse ratio is significantly correlated with other radiographic parameters that predict distal radius fracture instability [11].
  • There may be radiographic factors other than measures of deformity that some surgeons use to determine recommendations for surgery in distal radius fractures [12].
  • Soft tissue complications encountered during the management of distal radius fractures include tendon injury, nerve dysfunction, vascular compromise, skin problems, compartment syndrome, and complex regional pain syndrome [15].
  • Complications associated with soft tissues may be more problematic than the bone injury itself in distal radius fractures [15].
  • Early accurate diagnosis of intrinsic carpal ligament injuries provides for best outcomes [16].
  • Delayed diagnosis of intrinsic carpal ligament injuries leads to arthritis within 10 years if not treated [16].
  • Pronation effectively increases the proximal 'safe zone' of the posterior interosseous nerve [18].
  • The forearm should be placed in pronation to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury to the posterior interosseous nerve [18].
  • Monteggia fractures can be easily overlooked if radiographs of the elbow are not taken [19].
  • Pre-existing congenital radial head dislocations can lead to inappropriate surgical intervention if not distinguished from Monteggia fractures [19].
  • Early recognition and treatment of Essex-Lopresti injury is associated with improved outcomes [21].

Investigations

  • Early diagnosis and treatment of complications associated with distal radius fractures are important to avoid long-term consequences [1].
  • Combined median and ulnar nerve palsy related to distal radius fractures is exceedingly rare [2].
  • Restoration and maintenance of anatomic alignment are key principles in the treatment of forearm fracture–dislocations [4].
  • Pre-existing congenital radial head dislocations can lead to inappropriate surgical intervention if misdiagnosed as Monteggia fractures [19].

Treatment

  • Bone graft substitutes are used to perhaps provide early return to function in distal radius fractures [9].
  • External fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins for displaced distal radius fractures yields reliably good results [10].
  • External fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins for displaced distal radius fractures has a low reoperation rate [10].
  • External fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins for displaced distal radius fractures has a low complication rate [10].
  • Superior radiological results were attained with volar plating compared to k-wiring for distal radius fractures [13].
  • Superior radiological results with volar plating did not correlate with a better functional outcome compared to k-wiring at 32 months follow up [13].

Complications

  • Early diagnosis and treatment of complications are important to avoid long-term consequences [1].
  • Bone graft substitutes may provide early return to function in distal radius fractures [9].
  • The risk of nonunion in distal radius fractures is minimal [9].

Recovery

  • Combined median and ulnar nerve palsy complicating distal radius fractures requires a standardised management strategy [2].
  • Volar plating attains superior radiological results compared to k-wiring for distal radius fractures [13].
  • Superior radiological results with volar plating do not correlate with better functional outcomes compared to k-wiring at 32 months follow up [13].

Key Evidence

  • [Paper] Prevention of complications associated with distal radius fractures should be the treating surgeon's primary concern, with early diagnosis and treatment being important to avoid long-term consequences. [1] (10.1016/j.hcl.2014.12.002)
  • [Paper] Combined median and ulnar nerve palsy related to distal fractures of the radius are exceedingly rare but require a standardised management strategy. [2] (10.1016/j.otsr.2018.04.026)
  • [L5] Optimal outcomes in the treatment of forearm fracture–dislocations depend on early recognition and management, with restoration and maintenance of anatomic alignment being the key principles. [4] (10.1016/j.hcl.2015.01.010)
  • [Paper] The management of distal radius fractures is in the midst of a renaissance with novel locking plate designs resulting in a rethinking of the contemporary approach to fracture fixation. [6] (10.1016/j.hcl.2005.04.001)
  • [Paper] A certain degree of radial height loss is noted in patients undergoing fracture fixation with volar locking plate for extra-articular distal radius fractures. [7] (10.1016/j.otsr.2021.102842)
  • [L1] Based on this meta-analysis, an associated ulnar styloid fracture does not affect the outcomes of a distal radial fracture and clinicians should be cautious in electing operative treatment for patients with an ulnar styloid fracture. [8] (10.1016/j.injury.2017.08.061)
  • [L4] Bone graft substitutes are primarily used to provide structural stability and perhaps early return to function in distal radius fractures, where the risk of nonunion is minimal. [9] (10.1016/j.hcl.2012.02.004)
  • [L1] External fixation supplemented with percutaneous pins is an excellent option for treating displaced fractures of the distal radius, with reliably good results, a low reoperation rate, and a low complication rate. [10] (10.1016/j.hcl.2009.08.008)
  • [Paper] Metaphyseal collapse ratio, a novel radiographic parameter, was found to provide a reliable measure of metaphyseal comminution, and to be significantly correlated with other radiographic parameters that predict distal radius fracture instability. [11] (10.1016/j.otsr.2013.05.002)
  • [Paper] There may be radiographic factors other than measures of deformity that some surgeons use to determine recommendations for surgery. [12] (10.1007/s12593-014-0164-0)
  • [L3] Although superior radiological results were attained with volar plating, these results did not correlate with a better functional outcome compared to k-wiring at 32 months follow up. [13] (10.1016/j.injury.2015.08.040)
  • [L5] This review focuses on soft tissue complications encountered during the management of distal radius fractures, including tendon injury, nerve dysfunction, vascular compromise, skin problems, compartment syndrome, and complex regional pain syndrome, noting that complications associated with soft tissues may be more problematic than the bone injury itself. [15] (10.1016/j.hcl.2009.11.002)
  • [L5] Early accurate diagnosis of intrinsic carpal ligament injuries provides for best outcomes, while delayed diagnosis leads to arthritis within 10 years if not treated. [16] (10.1016/j.hcl.2015.01.003)
  • [Paper] DP fragment size is not an indicator of the need for or use of a dorsal approach in DRF fixation. [17] (10.1055/s-0040-1712328)
  • [Paper] Pronation effectively increases the proximal 'safe zone' of the nerve, suggesting the forearm should be placed in pronation to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury. [18] (10.1016/j.injury.2015.01.028)
  • [L4] Monteggia fractures can be easily overlooked if radiographs of the elbow are not taken, and pre-existing congenital radial head dislocations can lead to inappropriate surgical intervention. [19] (10.1016/j.injury.2005.08.028)
  • [Paper] CT scan should be requested only by experienced hand surgeons in order to help guide treatment, as it does not significantly improve inter- and intra-observer agreement for all classification systems. [20] (10.1016/j.injury.2014.06.017)
  • [L5] Early recognition and treatment is associated with improved outcomes. [21] (10.1016/j.hcl.2020.07.012)

References

[1] Management of Complications of Distal Radius Fractures. Hand Clinics. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2014.12.002 [2] Combined median and ulnar nerve palsy complicating distal radius fractures. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2018.04.026 [4] Management of Complications of Forearm Fractures. Hand Clinics. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2015.01.010 [6] Distal Radius Fractures. Hand Clinics. 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2005.04.001 [7] Loss of radial height in extra-articular distal radial fracture following volar locking plate fixation. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2021.102842 [8] Does concomitant ulnar styloid fracture and distal radius fracture portend poorer outcomes? A meta-analysis of comparative studies. Injury. 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.08.061 [9] The Use of Bone Grafts and Substitutes in the Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures. Hand Clinics. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2012.02.004 [10] External Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures. Hand Clinics. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2009.08.008 [11] Distal radius fracture metaphyseal comminution: A new radiographic parameter for quantifying, the metaphyseal collapse ratio (MCR). Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2013.05.002 [12] Radiographs Versus Radiographic Measurements in Distal Radius Fractures. Journal of Hand and Microsurgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s12593-014-0164-0 [13] Volar plate versus k-wire fixation of distal radius fractures. Injury. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.08.040 [15] Soft Tissue Complications of Distal Radius Fractures. Hand Clinics. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2009.11.002 [16] Management of Complications of Ligament Injuries of the Wrist. Hand Clinics. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2015.01.003 [17] The Die Punch Fragment: Analysis of Fragment Geometry and Need for Fixation. Journal of Hand and Microsurgery. 2022. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712328 [18] The course of the posterior interosseous nerve in relation to the proximal radius: Is there a reliable landmark?. Injury. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.01.028 [19] When is a Monteggia fracture not a Monteggia fracture?. Injury Extra. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2005.08.028 [20] Does the CT improve inter- and intra-observer agreement for the AO, Fernandez and Universal classification systems for distal radius fractures?. Injury. 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.06.017 [21] The Essex-Lopresti Injury:. Hand Clinics. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2020.07.012

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a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.