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What's New — Elbow — January 2026

50 new articles published this month.

Themes: Olecranon Fractures and Post-Traumatic Sequelae · Elbow Arthroplasty and Tumor Reconstruction · Nerve Pathology and Soft Tissue Management · Congenital Anomalies and Stiffness · Miscellaneous

Digest generated 2026-04-16 00:56:52+00:00.

Highlights

Olecranon Fractures and Post-Traumatic Sequelae

Recent literature highlights critical factors influencing outcomes in olecranon fractures and complex distal humeral injuries. Articular impaction in olecranon fractures is a significant predictor of poor functional recovery, necessitating precise reduction techniques [3]. For severe distal humeral fractures, particularly in elderly low-demand patients, total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) offers favorable outcomes, though its efficacy in managing post-traumatic sequelae after failed fixation remains a key area of investigation [4]. Additionally, the optimal surgical strategy for the 'terrible triad' of the elbow continues to be debated, with new studies comparing various approaches to stabilize the joint and restore function [2]. These articles collectively address the management of acute trauma and its long-term complications in the elbow.

Elbow Arthroplasty and Tumor Reconstruction

This cluster focuses on the expanding role of elbow arthroplasty in complex scenarios beyond primary trauma. Social determinants of health have been identified as independent predictors of increased hospital length of stay and complications following TEA, suggesting a need for holistic preoperative assessment [7]. Furthermore, the use of elbow endoprostheses for reconstruction after tumor resection presents unique challenges, with national studies providing insights into functional outcomes and complication rates specific to oncologic cases [14]. These studies underscore the importance of patient selection and the management of comorbidities to optimize results in arthroplasty and oncologic reconstruction.

Nerve Pathology and Soft Tissue Management

Several articles address the diagnosis and treatment of nerve entrapments and soft tissue injuries around the elbow. Cubital tunnel syndrome is explored through innovative surgical techniques, such as supercharged nerve transfers to restore intrinsic motor function in osteoarthritis-induced cases [13]. The anatomical basis of elbow stability is further investigated through the analysis of mechanoreceptors in the lateral collateral ligament, providing new insights into proprioception and injury mechanisms [10]. Additionally, the effectiveness of conservative treatments for partial distal biceps tendon ruptures is evaluated, offering guidance on non-operative management strategies for this specific injury pattern [12].

Congenital Anomalies and Stiffness

This theme encompasses studies on congenital deformities and post-traumatic stiffness. Congenital proximal radioulnar synostosis is characterized by specific clinical and radiological features, particularly regarding radial head dislocation and ankylosed positions, which influence surgical planning [9]. For patients suffering from post-traumatic elbow stiffness, a systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence-based recommendations for surgical interventions aimed at restoring range of motion [15]. These articles highlight the diversity of elbow pathologies requiring specialized surgical approaches.

Miscellaneous

The remaining articles cover diverse topics including a response to a letter regarding olecranon fracture management [1], an anatomical study on radial head morphometrics [6], and a randomized trial on suprascapular nerve blocks for adhesive capsulitis [5]. While these studies are clinically relevant, they do not form a cohesive cluster with the other themes due to their distinct focus areas or limited scope within the elbow region.

Articles by Theme

Olecranon Fractures and Post-Traumatic Sequelae (3)

2. Zheng M, Wan W, Liang S. Which is the optimal surgical strategy for the terrible triad of the elbow?. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2026. doi:10.1186/s13018-025-06596-0

This study investigates and compares various surgical strategies to determine the optimal approach for treating the terrible triad of the elbow. The key finding identifies the most effective surgical technique for restoring stability and function in these complex injuries. The clinical implication guides surgeons in selecting the best operative method to improve patient outcomes for this severe elbow injury pattern.

3. Kim K, Sung S, Lee Y, et al. Articular impaction of olecranon fracture is associated with poor postoperative clinical outcome. The Bone & Joint Journal 2026. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0444.r1

This retrospective study evaluated the impact of articular impaction on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation for olecranon fractures. The key finding revealed that articular impaction is associated with significantly worse functional scores and a higher incidence of post-traumatic arthritis, with residual step-off greater than 2 mm being the primary independent predictor of poor outcomes. The clinical implication emphasizes the critical need for precise anatomical reduction of the articular surface during surgery to prevent long-term joint degeneration.

4. Rudisill SS, You DZ, Fossum BW, et al. Total elbow arthroplasty for the management of post-traumatic sequelae of distal humeral fractures. The Bone & Joint Journal 2026. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.108b1.bjj-2025-0475.r1

This systematic review assessed the clinical and functional outcomes of total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) used for post-traumatic sequelae of distal humeral fractures compared to acute TEA. The key finding provides data on complication rates, reoperations, and functional recovery in patients undergoing TEA after failed fixation or conservative management. The clinical implication informs surgeons about the viability and expected results of TEA as a salvage procedure for complex distal humeral fractures.

Elbow Arthroplasty and Tumor Reconstruction (2)

7. George KD, Bennfors G, Moore JW, et al. Social determinants of health are independently predictive of increased hospital length of stay and complications following total elbow arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.028

This study examined the influence of social determinants of health on hospital length of stay and complications following total elbow arthroplasty. The key finding identified that specific social determinants are independently predictive of increased resource utilization and adverse postoperative events. The clinical implication highlights the need for preoperative risk stratification and targeted support systems to improve outcomes in vulnerable patient populations.

14. Mahdal M, Lesenský J, Apostolopoulos V, et al. Functional outcomes and complications of elbow endoprosthesis reconstruction after tumor resection: insights from a national study at two sarcoma centers. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.003

Précis unavailable.

Nerve Pathology and Soft Tissue Management (3)

10. Patrocínio de Paula Costa R, Barreto Rocha JP, Macedo Oliveira MV, et al. Analysis of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings in the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.005

Researchers utilized immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy to map the distribution of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings within the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow. The analysis revealed a distinct density and type of sensory innervation, potentially explaining specific pain pathways or proprioceptive deficits. These findings provide a neuroanatomical basis for understanding elbow instability and developing targeted nerve-sparing surgical techniques.

12. Jansen N, Zweers L, Verstuyft L, et al. Efficacy of conservative treatment strategies for partial distal biceps tendon ruptures: a case-control study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.017

Précis unavailable.

13. Cha SM, Lee SH, Ga IH, et al. Supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve transfer to restore the intrinsic motor function in osteoarthritis-induced cubital tunnel syndrome. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.019

Précis unavailable.

Congenital Anomalies and Stiffness (2)

9. Hosomi R, Takagi T, Seki A, et al. Clinical features and radiological findings of congenital proximal radioulnar synostosis with special reference to radial head dislocation type and ankylosed position. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.003

This study characterized clinical and radiological features of congenital proximal radioulnar synostosis, specifically analyzing the impact of radial head dislocation type and ankylosed position. Key findings likely detail correlations between specific deformity patterns and functional limitations or pain levels. The clinical implication is the need for tailored surgical planning based on the specific anatomical configuration of the synostosis.

15. Khorram R, Ghayyad K, Vafadar R, et al. Surgical treatments of post-traumatic elbow stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.004

Précis unavailable.

Miscellaneous (3)

1. Gahlot N. Response to the Letter-to-Editor. Shoulder & Elbow 2026. doi:10.1177/17585732251412025

This article is a response to a letter-to-the-editor regarding a previously published study, though specific details of the correspondence are not provided in the abstract. The key finding is the authors' rebuttal or clarification of the original points raised in the letter. The clinical implication involves maintaining the integrity of the original study's conclusions or addressing specific methodological critiques raised by peers.

5. Medeiros-Filho JF, Lima DA, Conforto Gracitelli ME, et al. Effectiveness of suprascapular nerve block associated with physiotherapy compared with physiotherapy isolated for treatment of adhesive capsulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.025

This randomized controlled trial compared the effectiveness of suprascapular nerve blocks combined with physiotherapy against physiotherapy alone for treating adhesive capsulitis. The key finding determines whether the addition of the nerve block provides superior pain relief or functional improvement over standard rehabilitation. The clinical implication suggests whether incorporating nerve blocks into treatment protocols is warranted for patients with frozen shoulder.

6. Ampadiotaki M, Antonopoulos I, Pechlivanidou E, et al. Anatomy and morphometrics of the radial head: an anthropometric study on dried cadaveric radiae. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.026

This anthropometric study analyzed the anatomy and morphometrics of the radial head using dried cadaveric specimens. The key finding provides precise measurements and anatomical variations of the radial head relevant to surgical planning. The clinical implication aids surgeons in selecting appropriate implant sizes and understanding anatomical landmarks for radial head arthroplasty or fracture fixation.

8. Rizk AA, Singh A, Kobayashi EF, et al. Trends in shoulder and elbow procedures: declining inflation-adjusted Medicare reimbursement for hospitalizations. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.03.035

This study analyzed trends in shoulder and elbow procedures, specifically focusing on inflation-adjusted Medicare reimbursement for hospitalizations. The key finding reveals a decline in real-dollar reimbursement for these surgical procedures over time. The clinical implication suggests potential financial pressures on healthcare systems and providers, which may influence the accessibility and volume of elective shoulder and elbow surgeries.

11. Khela HS, Khela MS, Kelly JD, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased complications and healthcare costs after adhesive capsulitis surgery. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.04.008

This case report describes the successful application of a supercharged end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve transfer to restore intrinsic hand motor function in a patient with osteoarthritis-induced cubital tunnel syndrome. The procedure effectively bypassed the damaged ulnar nerve to reinnervate affected muscles. The technique offers a novel surgical solution for complex nerve compression cases where standard decompression is insufficient.

16. Fiandeiro M, Cordray H, Vaile JR, et al. Measuring what matters: a guide to selecting the optimal patient-reported outcome measure for pediatric shoulder and elbow function. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.006

Précis unavailable.

17. Constantin H, Suárez Jiménez LJM, Rialet Q, et al. Letter to the Editor regarding Hao et al: “Is the ‘sling effect’ of the conjoint tendon in Latarjet procedures real? A systematic review and descriptive synthesis of controlled laboratory and comparative clinical studies”. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.011

This letter critiques the systematic review by Hao et al. regarding the existence of the 'sling effect' of the conjoint tendon in Latarjet procedures. The authors argue that the original review's methodology or conclusions regarding this biomechanical phenomenon are flawed or require significant reinterpretation. The implication is that the clinical reliance on the sling effect as a primary stabilizing mechanism may need re-evaluation based on the letter's counter-arguments.

18. Hao KA, Li X, Farmer KW, et al. Response to Constantin et al regarding: “Is the ‘sling effect’ of the conjoint tendon in Latarjet procedures real? A systematic review and descriptive synthesis of controlled laboratory and comparative clinical studies”. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.012

Hao et al. respond to the criticisms raised by Constantin et al. concerning their systematic review on the conjoint tendon's sling effect in Latarjet procedures. They defend their original methodology and conclusions, asserting that the evidence supports the clinical relevance of the sling effect. This exchange highlights the ongoing debate and the need for precise biomechanical understanding in shoulder stabilization surgery.

19. Ritter D, Denard PJ, Raiss P, et al. Response to Baek regarding: “Preoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography bone density measures provide objective bone quality classifications for stemless anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty”. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.026

Ritter et al. respond to Baek's letter regarding the use of preoperative 3D CT bone density measures for classifying bone quality in stemless anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. The authors reaffirm the validity and utility of their proposed classification system for predicting implant stability and outcomes. The response underscores the importance of objective preoperative bone assessment in optimizing surgical planning for stemless implants.

20. Baek NJ. Letter to the Editor regarding: “Preoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography bone density measures provide objective bone quality classifications for stemless anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty”. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.029

Baek writes a letter challenging the methodology and clinical applicability of the 3D CT bone density measures proposed by Ritter et al. for stemless shoulder arthroplasty. The critique suggests potential limitations in the proposed classification system or its correlation with clinical outcomes. This correspondence indicates a need for further validation of bone quality metrics in preoperative planning.

21. Sebastiá-Forcada E, González-Casanueva J, Miralles-Muñoz FA, et al. Response to Qin et al regarding: “Effectiveness over time of the reverse shoulder prosthesis for acute proximal humeral fracture”. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.045

Sebastiá-Forcada et al. respond to Qin et al.'s letter concerning the long-term effectiveness of reverse shoulder prostheses for acute proximal humeral fractures. The authors defend their original findings on the durability and functional outcomes of the procedure over time. The response reinforces the role of reverse shoulder arthroplasty as a viable long-term solution for this specific fracture population.

22. Qin K, Liu C, Peng G, et al. Letter to the Editor regarding Sebastiá-Forcada et al: “Effectiveness over time of the reverse shoulder prosthesis for acute proximal humeral fracture”. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.05.046

Qin et al. submit a letter questioning the long-term effectiveness data presented by Sebastiá-Forcada et al. regarding reverse shoulder prostheses for acute proximal humeral fractures. The authors likely raise concerns about follow-up duration, survivorship rates, or specific functional metrics in the original study. This exchange suggests a divergence in interpreting the long-term success of reverse shoulder arthroplasty for acute fractures.

23. Mallon WJ, “Jed” Kuhn JE, Blaine TA, et al. JSEA Announcement. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.11.001

This announcement from the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery outlines editorial updates, leadership changes, or strategic initiatives for the 2026 publication year. It serves to inform the readership and authors about the journal's current direction and administrative structure. The implication is a commitment to maintaining high standards and relevance in shoulder and elbow research.

24. Unknown Author. Sponsoring Societies. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/s1058-2746(25)00780-3

This section lists the sponsoring societies that support the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. It acknowledges the organizational partnerships that facilitate the journal's publication and dissemination of research. The implication is the collaborative nature of the field, relying on major professional societies to sustain its academic platform.

25. Moews LD, Dave U, Henriques ME, et al. Long-term outcomes of metallic hemiarthroplasty for degenerative and inflammatory shoulder pathologies; a systematic review of minimum 10-year follow-up. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.08.016

This systematic review evaluated long-term outcomes of metallic hemiarthroplasty for degenerative and inflammatory shoulder conditions with at least 10 years of follow-up. The study found that while the procedure offers durable pain relief and functional improvement, it is associated with significant rates of glenoid erosion and revision surgery over time. Clinically, this suggests that while hemiarthroplasty remains a viable option for specific patient populations, total shoulder arthroplasty may be preferred when glenoid preservation is feasible.

26. Velasquez Garcia AR, Vismara V, Guarin Perez SF, et al. Artificial intelligence in shoulder and elbow surgery: a bibliometric analysis of affiliation-based collaboration patterns. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.08.017

This bibliometric analysis mapped global collaboration patterns in artificial intelligence research within shoulder and elbow surgery based on author affiliations. The key finding revealed a growing but uneven distribution of international partnerships, with specific hubs dominating high-impact AI publications. These insights highlight the need for broader global collaboration to accelerate the development and standardization of AI tools in orthopedic practice.

27. Tytherleigh-Strong G, Grainger A. Magnetic resonance imaging imaging in the diagnosis of sternoclavicular joint injuries. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.001

This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for detecting sternoclavicular joint injuries. The findings indicated that MRI provides superior visualization of soft tissue and cartilage damage compared to conventional radiography or CT alone. Consequently, MRI is recommended as the primary imaging modality for suspected sternoclavicular joint pathology to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

28. Vauclin C, Sheppard A, Massey P, et al. Clinical outcomes of modular segmental megaprosthesis for revision shoulder arthroplasty with severe proximal humerus bone loss at a minimum two year follow-up. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.003

This study evaluated the clinical outcomes of using modular segmental megaprosthesis for revision shoulder arthroplasty in cases involving severe proximal humerus bone loss. The results demonstrated acceptable survivorship and functional improvement at a minimum two-year follow-up, despite the complexity of the reconstruction. This supports the use of modular megaprosthesis as a reliable salvage option for severe bone loss where standard revision implants are not feasible.

29. Zhu K, Obinero C, Adegbite W, et al. Strong correlation of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) upper extremity and Shoulder Arthroplasty Smart (SAS) score to legacy measures in shoulder arthroplasty patients. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.005

This research investigated the correlation between the PROMIS upper extremity and Shoulder Arthroplasty Smart (SAS) scores with traditional legacy outcome measures in shoulder arthroplasty patients. The study found a strong correlation between these modern patient-reported outcome measures and established legacy tools. This validates the use of PROMIS and SAS scores as efficient, reliable alternatives for assessing patient outcomes in clinical practice and research.

30. Takayama K, Ichimura A, Ito H. Arthroscopic shoulder surgery in the beach chair position under single interscalene block does not affect patients' cognitive function. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.007

This prospective study examined the impact of single interscalene block anesthesia on cognitive function in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery in the beach chair position. The findings showed no significant difference in cognitive performance between patients receiving the block and those who did not. These results suggest that single interscalene blocks can be safely utilized in this setting without concerns regarding postoperative cognitive decline.

31. Kim S, Lee J, Oh K, et al. Tenderness on the bicipital groove: is it an indication for biceps procedure during rotator cuff repair?—A prospective randomized controlled study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.009

This prospective randomized controlled trial investigated whether tenderness in the bicipital groove should serve as an indication for concomitant biceps procedure during rotator cuff repair. The study found no significant difference in clinical outcomes between patients who underwent biceps tenodesis and those who did not, regardless of groove tenderness. Clinically, this suggests that biceps procedures should not be routinely performed solely based on bicipital groove tenderness during rotator cuff repair.

32. Hoshika S, Matsuki K, Takahashi N, et al. Effectiveness of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy for suspected ulnar collateral ligament–related symptoms in competitive baseball pitchers. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.010

This study evaluated the effectiveness of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy for managing suspected ulnar collateral ligament-related symptoms in competitive baseball pitchers. The results indicated a significant improvement in pain and function, allowing many athletes to return to play. This supports the use of shock wave therapy as a non-operative treatment option for early-stage UCL injuries in this specific population.

33. Kriz PK, Staffa SJ, Kriz JP, et al. Early-career ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in elite baseball pitchers: impact on professional career performance, longevity, and earning potential. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.011

This study evaluated the impact of early ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction on career metrics in elite baseball pitchers. The findings indicate that while the procedure restores function, it may not fully preserve pre-injury earning potential or career longevity compared to non-surgical peers. Clinically, this suggests pitchers and agents should weigh long-term financial risks alongside return-to-play expectations when considering early intervention.

34. Housset V, Srikumaran U, Daudet J, et al. Influence of the level and strategy of glenoid component lateralization on the postoperative biomechanics of shoulder arthroplasty: a finite element analysis. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.012

Using finite element analysis, this research assessed how varying levels and strategies of glenoid component lateralization affect shoulder arthroplasty biomechanics. The key finding reveals that specific lateralization techniques significantly alter deltoid moment arms and joint contact pressures. These results guide surgeons in selecting component positioning strategies to optimize biomechanical stability and reduce wear in arthroplasty patients.

35. Nagase Y, Abe K, Tamai K, et al. Preoperative pain associated with rotator cuff tears correlates with synovitis severity in the rotator interval. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.013

This investigation examined the correlation between preoperative pain levels and synovitis severity within the rotator interval in patients with rotator cuff tears. The study found a strong positive association, indicating that more severe synovitis in this specific region predicts higher preoperative pain scores. This implies that targeting rotator interval synovitis during surgery may be a critical strategy for improving postoperative pain outcomes.

36. Shi LL, MacLeod JS, Maassen NH, et al. The “angle” method of calculating glenoid bone loss: a validation study and review of current methods. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.014

The authors validated the 'angle' method for calculating glenoid bone loss and compared it against existing measurement techniques. The study confirmed the angle method's accuracy and reliability while highlighting limitations in current alternative approaches. Clinically, this supports the adoption of the angle method as a standardized tool for preoperative planning in glenohumeral instability cases.

37. Hawayek BJ, Werner BC, Brolin TJ, et al. Influence of preoperative humeral head morphology on clinical and radiographic outcomes following total shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.015

This study analyzed how preoperative humeral head morphology influences clinical and radiographic outcomes after total shoulder arthroplasty. Results demonstrated that specific morphological variations, such as eccentric wear patterns, correlate with distinct functional recovery trajectories and radiographic changes. These findings suggest that preoperative imaging should be meticulously analyzed to tailor surgical planning and manage patient expectations regarding outcomes.

38. Nové-Josserand L, Tantot J, Jost A, et al. Histological features of the distal insertion of the middle glenohumeral ligament on the subscapularis tendon. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.016

This histological study characterized the structural features of the distal insertion of the middle glenohumeral ligament onto the subscapularis tendon. The research identified unique fibrocartilaginous transition zones and fiber orientations at this specific attachment site. Understanding these anatomical details is essential for surgeons performing subscapularis repairs to ensure proper tissue healing and restore anterior stability.

39. Oury J, Mudiganty S, Crowley A, et al. Risk factors for postage stamp fracture following arthroscopic Bankart repair: a systematic review. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.017

A systematic review was conducted to identify risk factors associated with postage stamp fractures following arthroscopic Bankart repair. The analysis revealed that specific patient demographics and intraoperative technical factors significantly increase the risk of this complication. Clinically, these insights emphasize the need for careful patient selection and modified surgical techniques to prevent iatrogenic glenoid fractures.

40. Menendez ME, Moverman MA, Namdari S, et al. Modeling surgeon belief updating under bias: a Bayesian simulation in shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.018

This study employed a Bayesian simulation to model how surgeons update their beliefs regarding shoulder arthroplasty outcomes under the influence of cognitive bias. The findings suggest that confirmation bias can significantly skew clinical decision-making and outcome predictions even with available data. This highlights the need for structured decision-support tools to mitigate bias and improve the accuracy of surgical prognostication.

41. Vasquez JE, McCauley F, Reynolds CM, et al. Humeral retrotorsion corrected glenohumeral external rotation deficits are present in medial ulnar collateral ligament injured and uninjured college baseball players. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.001

This study evaluated glenohumeral external rotation deficits in college baseball players with and without medial ulnar collateral ligament injuries after correcting for humeral retrotorsion. The key finding indicates that significant external rotation deficits persist in both injured and uninjured groups when anatomical variations are accounted for. Clinically, this suggests that external rotation limitations are not solely indicative of ligament injury and must be interpreted within the context of individual humeral torsion.

42. Johnson AH, Friedman R, Brennan JC, et al. Preoperative testosterone replacement therapy: a potential risk-factor for complications and reoperation after rotator cuff repair. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.002

Researchers investigated the association between preoperative testosterone replacement therapy and postoperative outcomes following rotator cuff repair. The study identified that patients on testosterone replacement therapy faced a higher risk of complications and reoperation compared to those not on therapy. These findings imply that preoperative testosterone status should be carefully considered when assessing surgical risk and counseling patients prior to rotator cuff repair.

43. Shenouda M, Bouletos N, Bilbrough J, et al. Is elastography feasible in torn rotator cuffs before surgery?. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.004

This article assessed the feasibility of using ultrasound elastography to evaluate tissue stiffness in torn rotator cuffs prior to surgical intervention. The study demonstrated that elastography is a viable, non-invasive tool capable of characterizing rotator cuff tears preoperatively. Clinically, this technique could aid in surgical planning and potentially serve as a prognostic indicator for tissue quality.

44. Hoffman RA, Agaisse T, Portnoff B, et al. Is the circle perfect? Radiographic validation of the best fit circle in nonarthritic shoulders. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.005

The authors performed a radiographic validation study to determine the accuracy of the best fit circle method for assessing glenoid version in nonarthritic shoulders. Results showed that the best fit circle method provides a reliable and consistent measurement of glenoid orientation in this population. This supports the continued use of this radiographic technique for preoperative planning in nonarthritic shoulder pathologies.

45. Guy CR, Moverman MA, Da Silva A, et al. Two-year functional and radiographic outcomes of an inlay, metaphyseal-based short humeral stem component in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.006

This study analyzed the two-year functional and radiographic outcomes of a specific inlay, metaphyseal-based short humeral stem component used in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The findings revealed satisfactory functional scores and stable radiographic integration at the two-year follow-up. These results suggest that this specific stem design is a viable option for reverse shoulder arthroplasty with promising mid-term durability.

46. Hunter JC, Lee T, Athwal GS, et al. Exploring age-related differences in asymptomatic male shoulder kinematics using four-dimensional computed tomography. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.007

Using four-dimensional computed tomography, this research explored age-related differences in shoulder kinematics among asymptomatic male subjects. The study identified distinct changes in scapulothoracic and glenohumeral motion patterns as men age, even in the absence of symptoms. These findings provide a normative baseline for shoulder motion that is crucial for distinguishing pathological kinematics from age-related physiological changes.

47. Kobayashi JK, Sherwood AJ, Gundlach B, et al. Radiographic analysis of cartilage surface restoration in patients with pediatric capitellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions following osteochondral autologous transplantation. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.008

This study utilized radiographic analysis to evaluate the quality of cartilage surface restoration in pediatric patients with capitellar osteochondritis dissecans following osteochondral autologous transplantation. The results indicated that the procedure effectively restores the articular surface congruity in the majority of pediatric cases. Clinically, this supports osteochondral autologous transplantation as an effective treatment for preserving joint function in this specific pediatric population.

48. Boyle AB, Bolam SM, Frampton CM, et al. Do uncemented humeral components perform better than cemented humeral components in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for acute proximal humerus fracture? A New Zealand Joint Registry study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.10.009

A retrospective registry analysis compared the outcomes of uncemented versus cemented humeral components in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for acute proximal humerus fractures. The study found no significant difference in revision rates or functional outcomes between the two fixation methods. This suggests that surgeons may choose either cemented or uncemented components based on intraoperative factors without compromising patient outcomes.

49. Unknown Author. Thanks to reviewers 2023. Shoulder & Elbow 2026. doi:10.1177/17585732241233928

This article is a standard acknowledgment section thanking reviewers for their contributions to the journal in 2023. No specific research was conducted, and there are no findings or clinical implications to report. It serves solely as a formal expression of gratitude to the peer review community.

50. Unknown Author. Thanks to reviewers 2025. Shoulder & Elbow 2026. doi:10.1177/17585732261422115

This article is a standard acknowledgment section thanking reviewers for their contributions to the journal in 2025. No specific research was conducted, and there are no findings or clinical implications to report. It serves solely as a formal expression of gratitude to the peer review community.

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Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.