Skip to content

What's New — Hand — April 2026

28 new articles published this month.

Themes: Scaphoid and Thumb Arthritis Management · Fingertip Trauma and Replantation Techniques · Dupuytren, Trigger Finger, and Soft Tissue Pathology · Pediatric and Congenital Hand Conditions · Ethics, Patient-Reported Outcomes, and Special Populations · Biomechanics, Tissue Properties, and Technical Notes

Digest generated 2026-05-09 04:00:28+00:00.

Highlights

Scaphoid and Thumb Arthritis Management

Recent literature addresses management strategies for scaphoid nonunions and thumb base arthritis. Studies evaluate scaphoid reconstruction options in the presence of established arthritis [1] and explore simple excision of proxoid nonunions when the scapholunate ligament remains intact [11]. Concurrently, comparative outcomes for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis treatments are examined, revealing that suture-button suspensionplasty does not offer sustained functional advantages over ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition [18]. These findings guide surgeons in selecting appropriate interventions based on ligament integrity and long-term functional goals.

Fingertip Trauma and Replantation Techniques

This theme focuses on surgical approaches to distal hand injuries. A systematic review proposes an algorithm for choosing between local flaps and occlusive dressings for fingertip amputations [23], while another study details matrix-sparing secondary exposure techniques after adipofascial flap reconstruction [19]. Additionally, arterial zone of injury patterns are analyzed following traumatic finger amputations [13], and outcomes of artery-only digital replantation are reported [24]. These articles collectively provide evidence for optimizing reconstruction and replantation strategies in distal digital trauma.

Dupuytren, Trigger Finger, and Soft Tissue Pathology

Articles in this cluster cover common soft tissue conditions and their surgical management. Comparative studies assess single-stage versus staged fasciectomy for severe PIPJ contractures in Dupuytren disease [4]. Anatomical studies investigate the ulnar slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis in trigger finger surgery [22], while clinical reports describe trigger digits in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I [17]. Furthermore, atypical hand infections are reviewed [2], highlighting the importance of recognizing diverse infectious etiologies in hand practice.

Pediatric and Congenital Hand Conditions

This theme encompasses research on pediatric hand anomalies and their impact on quality of life. Studies evaluate health-related quality of life outcomes in pediatric patients with Apert syndrome [14] and present a graft-free surgical technique for treating hand deformities and pseudosyndactyly in patients with epidermolysis bullosa [3]. Additionally, insights are provided on establishing and maintaining congenital upper limb difference registries from global experiences [16], emphasizing the need for standardized data collection to improve care for children with congenital differences.

Ethics, Patient-Reported Outcomes, and Special Populations

This cluster addresses ethical considerations, outcome measurement, and care for specific patient groups. Ethical issues are discussed regarding interhospital transfers [6] and hand transplants in non-immunocompromised children [12]. Crosswalk studies link the Brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire to PROMIS scores [5], aiding in outcome assessment. Special population considerations include upper-extremity injury management in sign language users [20] and fragility fractures in focal neurological conditions [21], highlighting tailored approaches for diverse patient needs.

Biomechanics, Tissue Properties, and Technical Notes

This theme includes technical studies and biomechanical analyses. A letter and response discuss the effect of forearm shortening on finger flexion [7, 8]. Technical notes examine knot security in suture types [10] and denervation with cheilectomy for distal interphalphalangeal joint arthritis [9]. Additionally, an open-access dataset characterizes the biomechanical, biochemical, and morphological properties of 31 human cadaveric upper limb tendons [27], providing valuable reference data for surgical planning and graft selection.

Articles by Theme

Scaphoid and Thumb Arthritis Management (3)

1. Zhu W, Zhuo L, Li B, et al. Is Scaphoid Reconstruction Still an Option for Scaphoid Nonunion With Established Arthritis? A Retrospective Study of a Group of Patients. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.07.039

This retrospective study evaluated the feasibility and outcomes of scaphoid reconstruction in patients with established arthritis, challenging the traditional view that such cases require salvage procedures. The findings suggest that reconstruction remains a viable option for select patients, potentially preserving wrist motion and function. This implies that surgeons should consider reconstruction rather than immediate arthrodesis or resection in appropriate clinical scenarios.

11. Scott-Tennent De Rivas A, Calvet PF, Mimó ME, et al. Simple Excision of Proximal Scaphoid Nonunion: A Viable Option When the Scapholunate Ligament Is Intact. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.032

This paper evaluates the outcomes of simple excision of proximal scaphoid nonunions when the scapholunate ligament remains intact. The results show that this technique offers a reliable and less invasive alternative to complex reconstruction, preserving wrist function while avoiding the morbidity of more extensive surgeries.

18. Mwangi J, Henriquez AR, Varney CR, et al. Suture-Button Suspensionplasty Does Not Provide a Sustained Functional Advantage Over Ligament Reconstruction and Tendon Interposition for Thumb Carpometacarpal Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.019

This comparative study evaluates the functional outcomes of suture-button suspensionplasty versus ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. Results demonstrate that suture-button suspensionplasty does not offer sustained functional advantages over the traditional LRTI technique. Surgeons may choose either method based on patient preference and surgical expertise without expecting significant functional differences.

Fingertip Trauma and Replantation Techniques (4)

13. Deistler K, Alghothani O, Orr A, et al. Arterial Zone of Injury After Different Mechanisms of Traumatic Finger Amputation. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.013

This study analyzes the arterial zone of injury following different mechanisms of traumatic finger amputation. The key finding identifies specific patterns of vascular damage associated with various trauma types, which can guide surgeons in planning microvascular reconstruction and improving replantation success rates.

19. Battaglia F, Colonna MR, Troisi L, et al. Exposing the Hidden Nail: Matrix-Sparing Secondary Exposure After Adipofascial Flap Reconstruction of Distal Fingertips. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.020

This article describes a matrix-sparing secondary exposure technique following adipofascial flap reconstruction of distal fingertips. The method preserves the nail matrix to prevent deformity while allowing for timely wound management. This approach offers a viable solution for complex fingertip injuries where primary closure is not feasible.

23. Rahmati K, Jain NS, Alananzeh R, et al. Choosing Local Flaps Versus Occlusive Dressings in Fingertip Amputations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Proposed Algorithm. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.029

This systematic review and meta-analysis compare local flaps versus occlusive dressings for fingertip amputations. The analysis proposes a decision algorithm based on wound characteristics and patient factors to guide treatment selection. Clinicians can use this evidence-based approach to improve healing outcomes and patient satisfaction.

24. Kobayashi K, Nishimura K, Masuyama N, et al. Outcomes of Artery-Only Digital Replantation. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.030

This study reports on the outcomes of artery-only digital replantation without venous anastomosis. It demonstrates that acceptable survival rates and functional outcomes can be achieved through careful patient selection and postoperative management. This technique offers a viable option for complex replantations where venous reconstruction is not possible.

Dupuytren, Trigger Finger, and Soft Tissue Pathology (4)

2. Vaughan A, Lee ND, Manzoor A, et al. Atypical Hand Infections. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.09.023

This article reviews the diagnosis and management of atypical hand infections, highlighting the importance of recognizing non-standard pathogens and clinical presentations. It emphasizes the need for a high index of suspicion and tailored antimicrobial or surgical interventions based on specific etiologies. Clinicians should maintain a broad differential for hand infections to avoid diagnostic delays and improve patient outcomes.

4. Lachnish J, Shehadeh K, Patel D, et al. Single-Stage Versus Staged Fasciectomy for Severe PIPJ Contractures in Dupuytren Disease: A Retrospective Comparative Study. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.10.019

This retrospective comparative study analyzed the outcomes of single-stage versus staged fasciectomy for severe proximal interphalangeal joint contractures in Dupuytren disease. The results indicate that single-stage fasciectomy provides comparable functional improvements with fewer procedures and potentially shorter recovery times. This supports the use of single-stage surgery as a preferred option for severe contractures when feasible.

17. van Binsbergen BA, van Dongen JA, Vriend L, et al. Trigger Digits in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I: Clinical Characteristics, Surgical Outcomes, and Histopathological Findings. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.018

This study characterizes the clinical presentation, surgical outcomes, and histopathology of trigger digits in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I. Findings indicate that while surgical release is effective, recurrence rates are higher than in the general population due to specific tissue changes. Clinicians should anticipate potential need for revision surgery and consider histological guidance for complex cases.

22. Cassidy RC, Plocher E, Bragg J, et al. Ulnar Slip Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Excision in Trigger Finger Surgery: Anatomic Study. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.028

This anatomic study examines the ulnar slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis in the context of trigger finger surgery. It provides detailed insights into the variability of this tendon slip and its relationship with the pulley system. Understanding these anatomic variations can help surgeons optimize release techniques and reduce complications.

Pediatric and Congenital Hand Conditions (3)

3. Zargarbashi R, Milan N, Mehrabi Y, et al. Graft-Free Surgical Technique for Treating Hand Deformities and Pseudosyndactyly in Patients With Epidermolysis Bullosa. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.10.012

The study describes a graft-free surgical technique designed to treat hand deformities and pseudosyndactyly in patients with epidermolysis bullosa, aiming to minimize donor site morbidity and wound healing complications. The technique demonstrates improved functional outcomes and patient satisfaction without the risks associated with skin grafting. This approach offers a safer alternative for managing complex hand deformities in this fragile patient population.

14. Brown HC, Nuzzi LC, Upton J, et al. Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes in Pediatric Patients With Apert Syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.015

This research assesses health-related quality of life outcomes in pediatric patients with Apert syndrome. The study highlights significant physical and psychosocial challenges, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary care that addresses both functional limitations and quality of life concerns.

16. Mosa A, Romans S, Goldfarb CA, et al. Establishing and Maintaining Congenital Upper Limb Difference Registries: Insights From Global Experiences. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.017

This article discusses strategies for establishing and maintaining congenital upper limb difference registries based on global experiences. It highlights the value of standardized data collection for improving clinical outcomes and policy-making, offering insights for researchers and clinicians aiming to build effective registries.

Ethics, Patient-Reported Outcomes, and Special Populations (5)

5. Rogers MJ, Giladi AM, Zhang C, et al. Linkages Between the Brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire and PROMIS Upper Extremity CATv2.0 Scores in Hand Surgery: A Crosswalk Study. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.10.022

This crosswalk study established linkages between the Brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire and PROMIS Upper Extremity CATv2.0 scores to facilitate data comparison across different outcome measures. The conversion tables allow clinicians and researchers to translate scores between instruments, enhancing interoperability in hand surgery research. This tool aids in standardizing outcome reporting and comparing historical data with modern patient-reported measures.

6. Vosbikian MM, Moghtaderi S, Fishman FG, et al. Ethical Considerations in the Interhospital Transfer of Patients. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.10.023

This article discusses ethical considerations in the interhospital transfer of hand surgery patients, focusing on issues of informed consent, resource allocation, and continuity of care. It provides a framework for navigating complex ethical dilemmas during transfers to ensure patient safety and autonomy. Healthcare providers should adhere to these ethical guidelines to maintain trust and optimize care delivery during interfacility transfers.

12. Mauch JT, Gudex LM, Humbyrd CJ, et al. Current Ethics of Hand Transplants in Non-Immunocompromised Children. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.008

This article examines the ethical considerations surrounding hand transplants in non-immunosuppressed children, focusing on consent and long-term risks. It argues that current ethical frameworks must evolve to address the unique challenges of performing such procedures on pediatric patients who cannot provide informed consent.

20. Uriarte SA, Nguyen J, Mansour A, et al. Talk Through the Hand: Upper-Extremity Injury and Surgical Considerations in Sign Language Users. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.024

This review outlines upper-extremity injury patterns and surgical considerations specific to sign language users. It highlights the critical importance of preserving range of motion and avoiding scar contractures that could impair communication. Surgeons must tailor rehabilitation protocols to maintain the functional demands of sign language.

21. Baradaran A, Rozental TD. Fragility Fractures in Focal Neurological Conditions. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.027

This study investigates the incidence and characteristics of fragility fractures in patients with focal neurological conditions. It identifies specific risk factors associated with these fractures, emphasizing the need for early intervention and bone health management. Clinicians should screen for osteoporosis in neurological patients to prevent secondary fractures.

Biomechanics, Tissue Properties, and Technical Notes (5)

7. Sugimura R. Letter to the Editor Regarding “The Effect of Forearm Shortening on Finger Flexion: A Biomechanical Study”. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.016

This letter to the editor critiques the biomechanical methodology and conclusions of a study on the effect of forearm shortening on finger flexion, raising concerns about experimental design. The authors argue that certain assumptions may compromise the validity of the reported findings. This commentary highlights the need for rigorous biomechanical testing standards in hand surgery research.

8. Daugherty T, Means KR. Response to Letter to the Editor Regarding “The Effect of Forearm Shortening on Finger Flexion: A Biomechanical Study”. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.017

This response addresses the criticisms raised in the preceding letter, defending the original study's methodology and reaffirming its conclusions regarding forearm shortening and finger flexion. The authors clarify potential misunderstandings and provide additional data to support their initial findings. This exchange underscores the importance of scientific discourse in refining biomechanical understanding in hand surgery.

9. Silva JB, Muniz M, Chammas P, et al. Denervation with Cheilectomy of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint: Technique and Medium-Term Results. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.027

This article describes a surgical technique combining distal interphalangeal joint denervation with cheilectomy to treat osteoarthritis. It presents medium-term results demonstrating significant pain relief and functional improvement, suggesting this approach is a viable salvage option for selected patients.

10. Nolte C, Baldini T, Thorne C, et al. Tensile Force Applied Prior to Cutting Affects Knot Security in Small-Caliber Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Suture. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.028

This study investigates how pre-cutting tensile force influences knot security in small-caliber ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene suture. The findings indicate that applying tension prior to cutting significantly enhances knot security, providing a practical recommendation for surgeons to improve suture integrity.

27. Blaker CL, Ashton DM, Chang D, et al. The Biomechanical, Biochemical, and Morphological Properties of 31 Human Cadaveric Upper Limb Tendons: An Open Access Data Set. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261425673

This study characterized the morphological, biomechanical, and biochemical properties of 31 human cadaveric upper limb tendons to expand available tissue data. The findings provide a comprehensive open-access dataset that can improve graft selection criteria and inform the development of new surgical interventions for upper limb injuries.

15. Rabinovich RV, Tell E, Polatsch DB, et al. Current Concepts: Lesser Digit Carpometacarpal Joint Fracture-Dislocations. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.016

This review provides current concepts for the diagnosis and management of lesser digit carpometacarpal joint fracture-dislocations. It outlines classification systems and treatment algorithms, stressing the importance of early recognition and appropriate intervention to prevent chronic instability and functional impairment.

25. Unknown Author. Editorial Board. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/s0363-5023(26)00178-4

This entry serves as the editorial board listing for The Journal of Hand Surgery and contains no substantive research content. Consequently, there are no specific findings or clinical implications to summarize.

26. Unknown Author. Journal CME Instructions. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/s0363-5023(26)00187-5

This entry provides instructions for continuing medical education credits and contains no substantive research content. Consequently, there are no specific findings or clinical implications to summarize.

28. Piñal FD. Finger Joint Releases in the Setting of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Worthwhile or Risky?. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.01.002

This editorial discusses the clinical dilemma of performing finger joint releases in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. It evaluates whether the potential benefits of surgical release outweigh the risks associated with this condition, offering guidance for surgical decision-making.

Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0

CC Creative Commons licence
BY Attribution — you must credit the source
NC NonCommercial — not for commercial use

Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC- licensed material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright. More considerations for licensors: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

Considerations for the public: By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for example, because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright--then that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those requests where reasonable. More considerations for the public: wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensees

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

i. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.

j. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

k. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

l. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and

b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.

2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.

3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).

4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a) (4) never produces Adapted Material.

5. Downstream recipients.

a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.

b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.

6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.

3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You must:

a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:

i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);

ii. a copyright notice;

iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.

2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from complying with this Public License.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.