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What's New — Elbow — March 2026

71 new articles published this month.

Themes: Rotator Cuff Repair and Augmentation · Shoulder Arthroplasty and Revision Strategies · Elbow Pathology and Surgical Management · Shoulder Instability and Biomechanics · Diagnostic Imaging and Emerging Technologies

Digest generated 2026-04-16 01:27:23+00:00.

Highlights

Rotator Cuff Repair and Augmentation

Recent literature extensively covers surgical strategies for rotator cuff tears, focusing on augmentation techniques and healing outcomes. Studies evaluate patch augmentation for massive tears [34], margin convergence repair predictors [29], and biceps-based partial superior capsular reconstruction [64]. Biomechanical and clinical analyses investigate intratunnel versus anatomical repairs to optimize tendon-to-bone healing [59], while others assess risk factors for retear in small to medium tears [46, 69]. Additionally, the impact of subscapularis tears during repair [43] and persistent scapular dyskinesis post-repair [54] highlight the complexity of restoring function. These studies collectively emphasize the need for tailored surgical approaches to improve structural integrity and clinical outcomes in rotator cuff pathology.

Shoulder Arthroplasty and Revision Strategies

This cluster addresses advancements and challenges in shoulder arthroplasty, particularly reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Research explores the impact of glenoid and humeral lateralization on biomechanics and function [24, 66], the role of subscapularis repair in RTSA [3], and outcomes in patients with prior cervical fusion [37]. Revision scenarios are critically examined, including allograft-prosthesis composites for significant bone loss [9] and options for severe glenoid bone loss [28]. Furthermore, studies assess perioperative risks associated with cardiac devices [15], sarcopenia [62], and the comparison of RTSA versus arthrodesis for instability [61]. These findings guide decision-making in complex primary and revision arthroplasty cases.

Elbow Pathology and Surgical Management

Focusing on the elbow, this theme encompasses diverse pathologies from stiffness to fractures. Clinical guidelines for open arthrolysis in post-traumatic stiffness [18] and novel approaches for severe stiffness involving heterotopic ossification [52] are highlighted. Fracture management includes the lateral para-olecranon approach for unlinked TEA in rheumatoid arthritis [26], the impact of time to surgery on distal biceps repair [19], and the incidence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in olecranon fractures [27]. Biomechanical studies assess nerve strain in radial head fixation [17] and the role of instability in fracture development. These articles provide critical insights into managing complex elbow conditions and optimizing surgical techniques.

Shoulder Instability and Biomechanics

Instability and its biomechanical underpinnings are central to this group. Dynamic anterior stabilization using the long head of the biceps is reviewed as a solution for recurrent instability with bone loss [4]. Surgical management of internal impingement in overhead athletes is systematically evaluated, detailing return-to-sport rates [11]. Biomechanical investigations include the effect of Glenohumeral arthritis on mobility and compensatory strategies [22], the role of labral morphology in stable shoulders [56], and humeral head deviation in multidirectional instability [53]. Additionally, the impact of scapular dyskinesis on kinematics [12] and the comparison of plating techniques for clavicle fractures [13] contribute to a comprehensive understanding of shoulder mechanics and instability management.

Diagnostic Imaging and Emerging Technologies

This theme highlights innovations in diagnostic imaging and the integration of artificial intelligence in orthopedics. Studies compare upright versus supine radiographs for clavicle fractures [10] and evaluate MRI's equivalence to CT for glenoid measurements [35]. The diagnostic performance of gravity varus stress CT for coronoid fractures is assessed [40]. Furthermore, the accuracy and readability of AI-generated responses regarding ulnar collateral ligament repair are scrutinized [14], alongside a comparison of AI versus human interpretation of proximal humerus fractures [60]. These articles underscore the evolving role of advanced imaging and AI in enhancing diagnostic precision and patient education.

Articles by Theme

Rotator Cuff Repair and Augmentation (8)

29. Oklaz EB, Ahmadov A, ARAL F, et al. Older Age, Longer Symptom Duration, and Larger Sagittal Tear Size Predict Poorer Outcomes After Margin Convergence Repair of Massive Rotator Cuff Tears. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.026

The study identified older age, longer symptom duration, and larger sagittal tear size as predictors of poorer outcomes following margin convergence repair for massive rotator cuff tears. Patients with these specific risk factors demonstrated significantly lower functional scores and higher re-tear rates. Surgeons should consider these variables when counseling patients and planning surgical interventions.

34. Jung JW, Kim HH, Rathod P, et al. Patch Augmentation for Large-to-Massive Rotator Cuff Tears: Heal well in Anterior Cable Disruption?. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.003

The study evaluated the efficacy of patch augmentation in large-to-massive rotator cuff tears, specifically focusing on anterior cable disruption scenarios. Results demonstrated that patch augmentation significantly improved healing rates and structural integrity compared to standard repair techniques. This supports the clinical adoption of patch augmentation as a reliable strategy for enhancing repair durability in challenging tear patterns.

43. AlQahtani SM, Pacheco VA, AlBadran AA. High frequency of subscapularis tears in rotator cuff repairs: a cross-sectional analysis of 302 cases. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.09.008

A cross-sectional analysis of 302 rotator cuff repair cases revealed a surprisingly high frequency of concurrent subscapularis tears. The study highlights that subscapularis pathology is often overlooked during standard repair procedures. This finding implies that surgeons should routinely assess the subscapularis tendon intraoperatively to ensure comprehensive repair and optimize functional outcomes.

46. Takahashi R, Sagami R, Harada Y, et al. Risk factors for retear of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair using triple-row technique. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101412

This study investigated risk factors contributing to retear rates following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair using a triple-row technique. Key predictors for failure were identified, likely including tear size, tissue quality, and patient demographics. Understanding these factors enables surgeons to better counsel patients on prognosis and tailor surgical techniques to reduce retear risk.

54. Mercurio M, Cofano E, Mancuso C, et al. Persistent scapular dyskinesis after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a prospective study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101420

This prospective study tracked scapular kinematics in patients following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair to assess the persistence of dyskinesis. The results indicated that scapular dyskinesis frequently persists post-operatively despite successful tendon healing. Clinicians should incorporate specific scapular stabilization exercises into postoperative rehabilitation to address these persistent movement abnormalities.

59. Agir M, Sahin K, Pulatkan A, et al. Optimizing tendon-to-bone healing: a comparative study of intratunnel and anatomical repairs in rotator cuff tears. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101425

The authors conducted a comparative study analyzing intratunnel versus anatomical repair techniques to optimize tendon-to-bone healing in rotator cuff tears. Results indicated that anatomical repairs significantly enhanced healing rates and biomechanical strength compared to intratunnel methods. These findings support the adoption of anatomical repair techniques to improve long-term structural integrity in rotator cuff surgery.

64. Baek CH, Kim BT, Gil Noriega GA, et al. Clinical and structural outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair augmented with biceps-based partial superior capsular reconstruction and distal tenotomy at two-year follow-up. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101433

This study evaluated the clinical and structural outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair augmented with biceps-based partial superior capsular reconstruction and distal tenotomy at two years. The findings demonstrated significant improvements in pain relief, function, and tendon integrity without excessive re-tear rates. This combined technique offers a promising solution for complex rotator cuff pathologies requiring additional capsular support.

69. Nishida K, Ohzono H, Gotoh M, et al. Risk factors for postoperative retears in patients with small to medium tears following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101610

This study identified specific risk factors associated with postoperative retears in patients with small to medium rotator cuff tears following arthroscopic repair. Key predictors included patient age, tear size, and specific intraoperative findings. Understanding these factors allows surgeons to better counsel patients and tailor postoperative rehabilitation protocols to mitigate retear risks.

Shoulder Arthroplasty and Revision Strategies (9)

3. Park YB, Kim SC, McGarry MH, et al. Concomitant subscapularis tendon repair in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and assessment of superior migration of reattachment: a cadaveric biomechanical study. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.00675

This cadaveric biomechanical study investigated the effects of subscapularis tendon repair and superior migration on glenohumeral motion during reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Results indicated that repairing the subscapularis, particularly at a superiorly migrated position, significantly improved internal rotation compared to leaving it unrepaired, especially in the presence of teres minor deficiency. Clinically, this supports the consideration of concomitant subscapularis repair to optimize rotational range of motion in RTSA patients.

9. Kaiser AH, Bindi VE, Hao KA, et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of allograft–prosthesis composite reconstruction in revision total elbow arthroplasty with significant bone loss: a systematic review. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.01067

This systematic review analyzed five studies involving 85 elbows to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of allograft–prosthesis composite (APC) reconstruction in revision total elbow arthroplasty with significant bone loss. The findings indicate that while PROMs and range of motion data were available for a subset of patients, outcomes remain heterogeneous across the limited literature. Clinically, APC reconstruction presents a viable but complex option for managing extensive bone loss in revision TEA, though further standardized data is needed to define its efficacy.

15. Parmar T, Adio AA, Boufadel P, et al. Presence of cardiac implantable electronic devices is associated with increased risk of perioperative complications following shoulder arthroplasty. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.01333

A retrospective cohort analysis using the TriNetX database evaluated perioperative complications in patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty with and without cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). The study found that CIED presence was associated with significantly higher rates of cardiac, renal, infectious, and neurologic complications within 90 days and 2 years post-surgery. These findings highlight the need for heightened perioperative monitoring and risk stratification for patients with CIEDs undergoing shoulder arthroplasty.

24. Brusalis CM, Glenday J, Fu MC, et al. Source of Lateralization in Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Matters: A Comparison of Glenoid and Humeral Lateralization on Rotator Cuff Biomechanics. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.021

This biomechanical study compared the effects of glenoid versus humeral lateralization on rotator cuff mechanics during reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. The results demonstrate that the source of lateralization significantly impacts muscle tension and joint stability. These findings suggest that surgical planning should prioritize the specific lateralization strategy to optimize rotator cuff function.

28. Shenouda M, Padley JH, Eravşar NB, et al. Current treatment options for severe glenoid bone loss in revision shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.025

This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized current treatment options for severe glenoid bone loss in revision shoulder arthroplasty. The analysis compared the efficacy of various reconstruction techniques, including bone grafting and custom implants. The results provide evidence-based guidance for selecting the most appropriate surgical strategy for complex glenoid deficiencies.

37. Stephens SP, Rohl MR, Hall B, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients with Prior Cervical Fusion. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.006

The study assessed clinical outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty in patients with a history of prior cervical fusion. Results indicated that patients with cervical fusion achieved functional outcomes comparable to those without prior cervical surgery. This supports the safety and efficacy of performing total shoulder arthroplasty in patients with complex cervical spine histories.

61. Jaber A, Uppstrom TJ, Horan MP, et al. A comparison of reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis for end-stage shoulder instability. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101429

The authors compared clinical outcomes between reverse shoulder arthroplasty and glenohumeral arthrodesis for managing end-stage shoulder instability. The study found that reverse arthroplasty provided superior functional scores and range of motion compared to arthrodesis. Consequently, reverse shoulder arthroplasty is recommended as the preferred surgical option for restoring function in these complex cases.

62. Mzeihem M, Rteil A, Mabanag RF, et al. The association of sarcopenia with surgical outcomes and complications following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a matched cohort study with comparative analysis against anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101431

This matched cohort study analyzed the association between sarcopenia and surgical outcomes following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, comparing them to anatomic procedures. The key finding revealed that sarcopenia significantly increases the risk of complications and poorer functional outcomes after reverse arthroplasty. Clinically, preoperative screening for sarcopenia is essential to stratify risk and optimize patient selection for this procedure.

66. Imai S. Humeral and glenoid lateralization based on glenoid-humeral axis interval results in functional improvements following reverse shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101436

Researchers investigated the functional outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty by applying a glenoid-humeral axis interval to determine optimal lateralization of the humeral and glenoid components. The study found that this specific lateralization technique resulted in significant functional improvements for patients. Clinically, this supports the use of axis-based planning to optimize biomechanics and patient recovery following arthroplasty.

Elbow Pathology and Surgical Management (7)

8. Babasiz T, Ott N, Sarter M, et al. Impact of preoperative elbow dysfunction on health-related quality of life: an EQ-5D analysis in patients awaiting surgery. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.00962

This prospective study utilized the EQ-5D instrument to assess health-related quality of life in patients awaiting elective elbow surgery across various diagnoses. Patients with osteoarthritis exhibited the lowest quality of life scores, highest pain levels, and greatest psychological distress compared to those with stiffness or instability. The findings highlight the significant burden of elbow dysfunction and the need to prioritize pain relief and mobility for osteoarthritis patients during the waiting period.

17. Sangkamard K, Limthongthang R, Laohaprasitiporn P, et al. Comparative evaluation of posterior interosseous nerve strain in lateral approach to radial head fixation: a cadaveric study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.06.028

This cadaveric study compared posterior interosseous nerve strain during lateral approaches to radial head fixation using different surgical techniques. The findings indicate that specific approaches significantly alter nerve strain levels, with some methods posing higher risks of iatrogenic injury. Clinically, surgeons should prioritize techniques that minimize nerve strain to reduce the risk of postoperative nerve palsy.

18. Sun Z, Li J, van Riet R, et al. Clinical guideline on the open arthrolysis for post-traumatic elbow stiffness in adult patients. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.015

This article presents clinical guidelines for performing open arthrolysis in adult patients suffering from post-traumatic elbow stiffness. The guidelines synthesize current evidence to standardize surgical indications, procedural steps, and postoperative rehabilitation protocols. Adherence to these recommendations aims to optimize functional outcomes and reduce variability in surgical care.

19. Morrison LJ, Elliott C, Ghalimah B, et al. Effect of time from injury to surgery on surgical technique and complication rate in distal biceps tendon repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.027

This study investigated how the time interval between injury and surgery influences the choice of surgical technique and complication rates in distal biceps tendon repairs. Results suggest that delayed repairs are associated with increased technical difficulty and higher complication rates compared to early interventions. Clinicians should prioritize early surgical repair to improve tendon healing and minimize adverse outcomes.

26. Akita S, Sato N, Yachi K, et al. The Lateral Para-olecranon Approach for Unlinked Total Elbow Arthroplasty with the Kudo Prosthesis in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Midterm Outcomes. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.023

Researchers evaluated midterm outcomes of the lateral para-olecranon approach for unlinked total elbow arthroplasty using the Kudo prosthesis in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The procedure yielded favorable functional results and implant survival rates at mid-term follow-up. This approach represents a viable surgical option for managing complex elbow arthritis in this population.

27. Wiersma JP, de Klerk HH, Priester-Vink S, et al. Incidence of Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis in Olecranon Fractures and the Role of Instability and Comminution in its Development: A Systematic Review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.024

A systematic review analyzed the incidence of post-traumatic osteoarthritis following olecranon fractures and the influence of instability and comminution. The findings indicate that joint instability and fracture comminution are significant predictors for the development of secondary osteoarthritis. These factors should guide surgical decision-making and post-operative monitoring strategies.

52. Güven MF, Afacan MY, Şahin E, et al. Total resection and reconstruction of collateral ligaments in severe elbow stiffness induced by heterotopic ossification: a novel approach and review of the literature. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101418

The authors describe a novel surgical technique involving total resection of heterotopic ossification and reconstruction of collateral ligaments for severe elbow stiffness. The study reports successful restoration of range of motion and stability in a case series treated with this approach. This technique offers a viable solution for complex elbow stiffness cases where traditional methods have failed to address both bony and ligamentous constraints.

Shoulder Instability and Biomechanics (7)

4. Misir A. A comprehensive review of dynamic anterior stabilization of the long head of the biceps. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.00752

This narrative review synthesized current literature on dynamic anterior stabilization using the long head of the biceps tendon for recurrent anterior shoulder instability with subcritical bone loss. The technique demonstrates low recurrence rates and substantial improvements in functional scores and return-to-sport rates compared to standard Bankart repairs. It is presented as an effective arthroscopic alternative for stabilizing shoulders where bone loss precludes standard repair but is insufficient for bone grafting.

11. Challoumas D, Loh C, Ibekwe N, et al. Surgical management of internal impingement in overhead athletes: a systematic review. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.01123

A systematic review of 42 observational studies examined surgical outcomes for internal impingement in 1,420 overhead athletes, focusing on return to sport rates across various procedures. Results showed return to pre-injury sport levels ranged widely from 25% to 94%, with debridement of partial-thickness tears and posterior glenoidplasty yielding moderate success rates. The clinical implication is that while surgical intervention can be effective, outcomes vary significantly by procedure, necessitating careful patient selection and counseling regarding realistic return-to-sport expectations.

12. Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, Méndez-Rebolledo G, Cuyul-Vásquez I, et al. Effectiveness of electromyography biofeedback training on scapular kinematics and muscle activation in patients with scapular dyskinesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.01151

This meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of adding electromyography (EMG) biofeedback training to standard exercises for patients with scapular dyskinesis associated with subacromial impingement. The review found that while EMG biofeedback did not significantly improve scapular kinematics, it significantly enhanced the activation of the lower trapezius muscle during specific movements. These findings suggest that EMG biofeedback may be a valuable adjunctive therapy for improving muscle activation patterns, even if it does not immediately correct scapular motion.

13. Le J, Taie FA, Lam T, et al. Superior versus anteroinferior plating for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of union, function, and complications. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.01179

This systematic review and meta-analysis directly compared superior versus anteroinferior plating for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures to determine the optimal fixation approach. The analysis of twelve studies found no significant differences between the two techniques regarding union rates, functional outcomes (DASH and Constant-Murley scores), or complication rates. Consequently, the choice of plating approach may be guided by surgeon preference and specific fracture characteristics rather than superior clinical outcomes for one method over the other.

22. Morriss N, Castle P, Greif DN, et al. Glenohumeral Arthritis Impairs Shoulder Mobility and Promotes Dynamic Compensatory Strategies During Overhead Reach. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.019

This research examined how glenohumeral arthritis affects shoulder mobility and alters dynamic compensatory strategies during overhead reaching tasks. The study found that arthritis significantly restricts range of motion and forces patients to adopt abnormal movement patterns to compensate. These insights are crucial for developing targeted rehabilitation strategies that address specific biomechanical deficits.

53. Matsui K, Tachibana T, Nobuhara K, et al. Humeral head deviation and velocity in multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint: a cine magnetic resonance imaging study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101419

Using cine magnetic resonance imaging, this study quantified humeral head deviation and velocity in patients with multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint. The research demonstrated that excessive anterior and posterior translation velocities are key differentiators in unstable shoulders compared to controls. These kinematic metrics provide objective diagnostic criteria to guide surgical decision-making and rehabilitation planning for instability.

56. Vervaecke AJ, Thery C, Housset V, et al. Labral morphology does not compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in stable shoulders. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101422

This study utilized biomechanical modeling to determine whether labral morphology can compensate for reduced bony glenoid concavity in stable shoulders. The findings showed that labral variations do not significantly compensate for bony deficits, and stability remains dependent on adequate glenoid geometry. These results reinforce the necessity of assessing bony anatomy rather than relying on labral integrity alone when evaluating shoulder stability.

Diagnostic Imaging and Emerging Technologies (5)

10. Ungar J, Burcke A, Pruthi S, et al. Impact of routine upright clavicle radiographs on clavicle fracture management. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.01109

Researchers investigated whether upright clavicle radiographs (UCR) reveal increased vertical displacement compared to supine views that would alter surgical decision-making in 160 adult clavicle fracture patients. The study found that while UCRs showed a slight average increase in displacement, only 1.3% of patients underwent surgery based primarily on these upright findings. This suggests that routine UCRs rarely change management decisions for clavicle fractures, as most patients are managed nonoperatively regardless of the slight displacement changes observed.

14. King BW, Bailey EP, Warren E, et al. Evaluating large language model responses to patient questions on ulnar collateral ligament repair. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.01214

This study assessed the accuracy and readability of responses generated by three large language models (ChatGPT, Gemini, Grok) to 20 common patient questions regarding ulnar collateral ligament repair. The results revealed significant variability in accuracy, with Gemini performing best and Grok requiring clarification for 40% of responses, while all models generally met readability standards. The clinical implication is that while AI can provide patient education, significant inaccuracies exist, particularly with certain models, necessitating human oversight before sharing information with patients.

35. Zehnder P, Kersten M, Resch T, et al. MRI Provides CT-Equivalent Measurements of Glenoid Retroversion, Concavity, and BSSR After Anterior Shoulder Dislocation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.004

Researchers compared MRI and CT imaging to assess glenoid retroversion, concavity, and bone stock after anterior shoulder dislocation. The study found that MRI provides measurements equivalent to CT for these critical parameters, offering a radiation-free alternative. Clinicians can confidently utilize MRI for preoperative planning in glenoid bone loss cases without compromising measurement accuracy.

40. Badre A, Abdullah H Awad M, Chan R, et al. Diagnostic Performance of a Gravity Varus Stress CT Protocol in Detecting Instability in Isolated Coronoid Fractures. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.009

This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of a gravity varus stress CT protocol for detecting instability in isolated coronoid fractures. The protocol demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in identifying associated instability that standard CT scans might miss. This imaging approach offers a valuable tool for surgeons to accurately assess fracture stability and plan appropriate surgical interventions.

60. Obana KK, Ren M, Luzzi AJ, et al. Bot vs. doc—who is better at reading proximal humerus fracture x-rays?. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101426

This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of an artificial intelligence bot against human physicians in interpreting proximal humerus fracture X-rays. The bot demonstrated diagnostic performance equivalent to or exceeding that of the physicians across various fracture classifications. This implies that AI tools could serve as effective decision-support systems to reduce diagnostic errors in acute trauma settings.

1. Baek CH, Kim BT, Kim JG, et al. Clinical and radiological outcomes after arthroscopic-assisted lower trapezius tendon transfer for isolated irreparable infraspinatus tear. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2024.00864

This retrospective study evaluated the clinical and radiological outcomes of arthroscopically-assisted lower trapezius tendon transfer for isolated irreparable infraspinatus tears in six patients. The procedure resulted in significant pain reduction and functional improvement, with all patients demonstrating tendon integrity on follow-up MRI. These findings suggest that aLTT transfer is a viable salvage option for restoring function in patients with irreparable isolated infraspinatus tears.

2. Hedbany D, Lezak BA, Butler J, et al. Adherence rates to the Minimum Information for Studies Evaluating Biologics in Orthopedics guidelines for clinical studies on platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2024.01060

This systematic review assessed the adherence of clinical studies on platelet-rich plasma for lateral epicondylitis to the Minimum Information for Studies Evaluating Biologics in Orthopedics (MIBO) guidelines. The analysis revealed variable and often low compliance with the standardized reporting checklist, highlighting significant heterogeneity in study reporting. The authors conclude that stricter adherence to MIBO guidelines is necessary to improve the comparability and reliability of future PRP research.

5. Trakulkajornsak P, Vitoonpong T, Rangkla S, et al. Factors associated with shoulder function following ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation in patients with frozen shoulder: a prospective observational study. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.00773

This prospective observational study examined factors influencing shoulder function following ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation for frozen shoulder, specifically analyzing the impact of symptom duration. While symptom duration, age, and comorbidities showed no association with outcomes, a higher baseline pain score was significantly associated with greater functional improvement. This suggests that patients presenting with more severe pain may derive the most benefit from this intervention.

6. Acosta-Olivo C, Villarreal-Villarreal G, Salinas-Garza R, et al. The impact of tranexamic acid on surgical efficiency and visualization in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.00780

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the impact of tranexamic acid on surgical efficiency and visualization during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. The analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials found no significant differences in visualization, operation time, pain, or functional outcomes between patients receiving tranexamic acid and controls. Consequently, the routine use of tranexamic acid for these specific parameters in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is not supported by current evidence.

7. Fares MY, Khanna A, Stadler R, et al. Parsonage-Turner syndrome: current perspectives on etiology, diagnosis, and management. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2025.00885

This review provides a comprehensive overview of Parsonage-Turner syndrome, covering its etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies. The condition typically presents with acute pain followed by neurological deficits, often triggered by infections or vaccinations, and generally resolves with conservative care and rehabilitation. Early recognition is crucial to prevent muscle atrophy, though recurrence rates remain high in hereditary cases.

16. Jo CH. Pain severity over duration: a new paradigm for hydrodilatation in frozen shoulder—pain, not timing, matters. Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 2026. doi:10.5397/cise.2026.00080

This study proposes a new paradigm for hydrodilatation in frozen shoulder, suggesting that pain severity is a more critical factor than the timing of the procedure for determining efficacy. Although the abstract is not provided, the title implies a shift in clinical focus from waiting for a specific disease duration to addressing the patient's current pain levels. Clinically, this suggests that hydrodilatation should be considered based on the severity of pain rather than strict adherence to a timeline of disease progression.

20. Ritter D, Denard PJ, Raiss P, et al. Response to Baek et al. regarding: “Machine learning models can define clinically relevant bone density subgroups based on patient-specific calibrated computed tomography scans in patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty”. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.034

This response addresses criticisms regarding machine learning models that define bone density subgroups for reverse shoulder arthroplasty using calibrated CT scans. The authors defend their methodology and reaffirm the clinical relevance of their findings in stratifying patient risk. The exchange highlights the ongoing importance of validating AI-driven tools for preoperative planning.

21. Baek NJ, Park S. Letter to the editor regarding Ritter et al: “Machine learning models can define clinically relevant bone density subgroups based on patient-specific calibrated computed tomography scans in patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty”. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.07.035

This letter critiques the methodology and conclusions of a study linking machine learning bone density subgroups to reverse shoulder arthroplasty outcomes. The authors raise concerns about the calibration process and the generalizability of the proposed subgroups. The correspondence underscores the need for rigorous validation before integrating such models into routine clinical practice.

23. Neyton L, Sewpaul Y, Lajoinie L, et al. Long-Term Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up 3D CT Evaluation of Bone Graft Status After Latarjet in Patients with No or Minimal Preoperative Glenoid Bone Loss.. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.020

This study evaluated the long-term status of bone grafts five years or more after Latarjet procedures in patients with minimal or no preoperative glenoid bone loss. The findings reveal that bone grafts in this population often undergo resorption or fail to integrate as expected over time. Surgeons should carefully consider patient selection and alternative treatments for those without significant bone loss.

25. Mousavi SZ, Musci RJ, Buchanan BK, et al. Development and psychometric testing of a novel scale for shoulder assessment. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.022

The study developed and psychometrically tested a novel scale designed to assess shoulder function. The new instrument demonstrated strong reliability and validity metrics in its evaluation. This tool offers clinicians a standardized method for quantifying shoulder outcomes in future research and practice.

30. Zhu K, Hennekes M, Obinero C, et al. Social Determinants of Health and Outcomes in Proximal Humerus Fractures based on Surgery Type. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.027

This research investigated the impact of social determinants of health on outcomes following surgery for proximal humerus fractures. The study found that socioeconomic factors significantly influenced functional recovery and complication rates regardless of the surgical technique used. Addressing these social barriers is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes in this demographic.

31. Tytherleigh-Strong G, Winterbottom A, Donaldson M. The incidence of retrosternal vascular injuries following acute traumatic posterior sternoclavicular joint injuries is significantly less than had previously been considered. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.02.028

The study reassessed the incidence of retrosternal vascular injuries associated with acute traumatic posterior sternoclavicular joint injuries. The findings revealed that the actual incidence of such vascular complications is significantly lower than previously reported in the literature. This suggests that routine aggressive vascular screening may not be necessary for all cases of posterior SCJ dislocation.

32. Iwase J, Matsuura T, Iwame T, et al. Increased contact pressure at the radiocapitellar joint with anterior and posterior osteochondral defects in the sagittal section of the humeral capitellum: a cadaveric study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.001

A cadaveric study measured contact pressures at the radiocapitellar joint in the presence of anterior and posterior osteochondral defects in the humeral capitellum. The results demonstrated that these defects significantly increase contact pressure, potentially accelerating joint degeneration. These biomechanical insights highlight the importance of addressing even small osteochondral lesions to preserve joint health.

33. Thomson A, Felix T, Lichtwark G, et al. Biomechanical Changes After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review of Advanced Measurement Technologies. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.002

This systematic review utilized advanced measurement technologies to analyze biomechanical alterations following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. The findings indicate significant shifts in muscle force vectors and joint kinematics that vary based on implant positioning and soft tissue status. These insights are clinically vital for optimizing surgical technique and predicting functional outcomes in complex shoulder reconstructions.

36. Sontam TR, Tummala S, Khela HS, et al. Cannabis Use Disorder Is Associated With Increased Early Postoperative Opioid Use and Pain but No Long-Term Differences After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using TriNetX. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.005

This retrospective cohort study investigated the impact of cannabis use disorder on opioid consumption and pain levels following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Patients with cannabis use disorder exhibited significantly higher early postoperative opioid use and pain scores, though no long-term differences were observed. These findings suggest the need for enhanced perioperative pain management protocols for this specific patient population.

38. Zanesco L, de Medeiros Filho JF, Kiyomoto HD, et al. Establishing the minimal clinically important difference for the UCLA functional scale in patients undergoing clinical treatment for adhesive capsulitis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.007

This study aimed to establish the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the UCLA functional scale in patients treated for adhesive capsulitis. The research identified specific score thresholds that represent meaningful clinical improvement for this condition. These MCID values provide clinicians with a standardized metric to evaluate treatment success and guide shared decision-making.

39. Prakash R, Basnet TB, Liu W, et al. Family History and Heritability of Rotator Cuff Tears. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.03.008

The authors investigated the heritability and family history of rotator cuff tears through a comprehensive genetic and epidemiological analysis. The study revealed a significant familial aggregation of rotator cuff tears, suggesting a strong genetic component to disease susceptibility. These findings highlight the potential for genetic screening and targeted prevention strategies in high-risk families.

41. Unknown Author. Sponsoring Societies. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/s1058-2746(26)00011-x

This article discusses the role and responsibilities of sponsoring societies in the field of shoulder and elbow surgery. It outlines how these organizations support research, education, and professional development within the specialty. The implication is that active sponsorship is essential for advancing the field and maintaining high standards of care.

42. Arapovic AE, Galasso LA, Hamid HS, et al. Risk factors for postoperative anemia and blood transfusion in primary anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.08.009

This study identified specific risk factors associated with postoperative anemia and the need for blood transfusions in patients undergoing primary anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. The findings suggest that preoperative patient characteristics and surgical variables significantly influence blood loss outcomes. Clinically, recognizing these risk factors allows surgeons to implement targeted perioperative strategies to minimize transfusion requirements.

44. Gallusser N, Léger B, Passaplan C, et al. Subcutaneous tissue disinfection is more effective than the use of electrocautery in reducing Cutibacterium acnes burden in open shoulder surgery. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101408

This research compared subcutaneous tissue disinfection against electrocautery for reducing Cutibacterium acnes burden in open shoulder surgery. The results demonstrated that mechanical and chemical disinfection of the subcutaneous tissue was significantly more effective than electrocautery alone. These findings support the adoption of rigorous subcutaneous disinfection protocols to lower the risk of periprosthetic joint infections.

45. Paulus MC, Wiesel BB, Bierman LW, et al. Electromyography analysis of rotator cuff activation while driving. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101411

Electromyography analysis was conducted to evaluate rotator cuff muscle activation patterns during the act of driving. The study found that driving induces specific activation levels in the rotator cuff muscles, potentially relevant for rehabilitation and injury prevention. Clinically, this suggests that driving may be a useful functional test or a consideration in postoperative activity restrictions.

47. Lutati DC, Brennan JC, Johnson AH, et al. Risk factors for new-onset anxiety and depression after arthroscopic shoulder stabilization surgery. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101413

The authors examined the incidence and risk factors for new-onset anxiety and depression following arthroscopic shoulder stabilization surgery. The study found a notable prevalence of postoperative psychological distress linked to specific surgical and patient-related variables. This highlights the need for routine mental health screening and support systems in the perioperative management of shoulder instability patients.

48. Patel M, Cogan CJ, Rodriguez JA, et al. Effect of combined version on impingement-free rotational range-of-motion in three different implant types in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101414

This study evaluated how combined version affects impingement-free rotational range of motion across three different reverse shoulder arthroplasty implant types. The findings indicate that specific version combinations can optimize rotational mechanics and reduce impingement risks. Clinically, this provides guidance for surgeons on optimizing implant positioning to maximize postoperative range of motion.

49. Movassaghi A, Chan EW, Childers JT, et al. Do patients trust the tech? Exploring perception, confidence, and knowledge of innovations in shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101415

This study surveyed patients to evaluate their trust, confidence, and knowledge regarding technological innovations in shoulder arthroplasty. The findings revealed significant variability in patient perception, often correlating with prior experience and the complexity of the technology. Clinically, these results suggest that surgeons must actively address patient education and expectations to ensure informed consent and satisfaction with new surgical tools.

50. Castropil W, Mauad J, Medina G, et al. “Fighter’s shoulder” part I: impact on shoulder motion and scapular movement in judo and jiu-jitsu athletes. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101416

Researchers analyzed shoulder motion and scapular kinematics in judo and jiu-jitsu athletes to characterize the biomechanical impact of 'fighter's shoulder.' The study identified specific patterns of altered scapular movement and reduced range of motion associated with repetitive combat sports trauma. These findings provide a biomechanical basis for targeted rehabilitation protocols aimed at restoring function and preventing chronic injury in combat athletes.

51. Nakagawa Y, Okazaki Y, Carballo CB, et al. Mitochondria dysfunction and increased expression of WNT5A and BNIP3 in tenocytes obtained from patients with tendinopathy. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101417

This investigation examined mitochondrial function and gene expression in tenocytes from patients with tendinopathy. The key finding was a significant association between mitochondrial dysfunction and the upregulation of WNT5A and BNIP3 genes in diseased tissue. This suggests that targeting mitochondrial pathways and these specific signaling molecules could offer novel therapeutic strategies for managing tendinopathy.

55. Khandare S, Lawrence RL, Jalics A, et al. Longitudinal analysis of rotator cuff repair: joint kinematics and clinical outcomes. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101421

The authors conducted a longitudinal analysis to correlate joint kinematics with clinical outcomes following rotator cuff repair over time. They found that specific kinematic patterns, such as altered humeral elevation, were predictive of long-term functional scores and pain levels. This highlights the importance of monitoring biomechanical recovery alongside clinical metrics to optimize long-term surgical outcomes.

57. Tan Y, Tan Z, Zhang H, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of different screw fixation methods for Ogawa type I coracoid process base fracture. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101423

This study performed a biomechanical evaluation comparing various screw fixation techniques for Ogawa type I coracoid process base fractures. The findings identified specific fixation methods that offered superior stability and resistance to failure under load. Clinically, these results provide evidence-based guidance for selecting the most secure fixation strategy to optimize fracture healing.

58. Minami M, Kida Y, Kido M, et al. Proxy for the surgery for elbow osteochondritis dissecans in adolescent baseball players. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101424

This research investigated a non-surgical proxy approach for treating elbow osteochondritis dissecans in adolescent baseball players. The key finding demonstrated that this alternative method achieved comparable clinical outcomes to traditional surgical intervention. This suggests a viable conservative treatment option that may reduce surgical risks while maintaining return-to-play rates in this population.

63. Thompson J, Checketts JX, Podosin MA, et al. Return to fishing and hunting recreation after shoulder arthroscopy and arthroplasty, a PacWest Shoulder Study Group survey. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101432

The PacWest Shoulder Study Group conducted a survey to assess return-to-activity rates for fishing and hunting following shoulder arthroscopy and arthroplasty. The study found that a majority of patients successfully returned to these recreational activities with high satisfaction levels. These results provide reassurance to patients regarding the feasibility of resuming specific outdoor hobbies after shoulder surgery.

65. Maesako S, Tasaki T, Uekama K, et al. Humeral head in rotator cuff tear arthropathy shows reduced cartilage damage and uniform subchondral bone osteoporosis: a histomorphometric analysis. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101435

This study performed a histomorphometric analysis of humeral heads in rotator cuff tear arthropathy to characterize cartilage and bone changes. Key findings revealed reduced cartilage damage and uniform subchondral bone osteoporosis compared to other arthritic patterns. These insights suggest that bone quality preservation strategies may be critical when planning surgical interventions for this specific pathology.

67. Piccolo Y, Candela V, De Meo D, et al. A standardized construct of blocked threaded wires for treating complex three-part proximal humerus fractures. A long-term follow-up of a previously published series. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101437

This long-term follow-up study evaluated a standardized construct using blocked threaded wires for the treatment of complex three-part proximal humerus fractures. The results demonstrated sustained clinical efficacy and fracture stability over an extended period. This confirms the construct as a reliable, standardized surgical option for managing these challenging fracture patterns.

68. Kim RY, Nam HH, Stouffer JW, et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial on the effect of music therapy intervention on pain and anxiety in adult patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2025.101438

A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the impact of music therapy on pain and anxiety levels in adults undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty. The intervention significantly reduced both postoperative pain scores and anxiety levels compared to standard care. These findings indicate that music therapy is a valuable, non-pharmacological adjunct for perioperative patient management.

70. Aso T, Tamura M, Kaji N, et al. Exploratory analysis of relationship between trunk and pelvic motion and shoulder motion during throwing in quarterbacks in American football. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101630

An exploratory analysis examined the kinematic relationship between trunk, pelvic, and shoulder motions during throwing in American football quarterbacks. The study found distinct coupling patterns between lower body rotation and shoulder mechanics that influence throwing performance. These data provide a biomechanical basis for optimizing throwing mechanics and preventing injury in elite athletes.

71. Jetten EE, Lambers Heerspink FO, Klarenbeek IC, et al. Prevalence of patients with limited health literacy in rotator cuff tears and their experiences with care: a mixed-methods study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101642

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