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PIP Joint Arthritis

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Osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis of the PIP joint — non-operative and surgical options.

Updated Aug 2026
A hand-drawn illustration of a worn arthritic middle-finger joint.
A hand affected by arthritis — visible swelling and deformity at the finger joints. PhilipPirrip / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0

What you're feeling

You may notice pain in the middle joint of your finger. This is often where wear-and-tear arthritis or past injury has changed the joint surface. The discomfort can feel deep inside the finger or sharp when you move it. You might also feel stiffness, especially after resting or first thing in the morning.

Daily tasks can become difficult because this joint helps you grip and pinch. You may struggle to open jars, turn keys, or type on a keyboard. Simple actions like buttoning a shirt or holding a coffee cup might hurt or feel weak. If you have had a mallet finger injury in the past, you might notice the joint at the tip of your finger becoming stiff and less flexible over time.

The pain often flares up after you use your hand for a while. It can also ache at night, making it hard to find a comfortable position. Some people find that gentle movement helps loosen the stiffness, while rest brings relief. However, if the arthritis is severe, even light touch or slight bending can cause significant pain.

In some cases, the joint may develop a fixed bend that you cannot straighten fully. This is called a flexion contracture. You might notice your finger looks slightly crooked or does not lay flat against a table. This happens because the tissues around the joint tighten over time due to inflammation and wear.

If your arthritis is linked to an inflammatory condition like rheumatoid arthritis, you might experience swelling and warmth in the joint. This type of arthritis can affect multiple joints and may require different management. Early care from a specialist can help slow the damage and keep your hand functioning better for longer.

Your surgeon will look at these symptoms to decide if joint replacement is right for you. This option is usually considered when pain limits your daily life and other treatments have not helped enough. The goal is to reduce your pain and restore enough movement to handle everyday tasks comfortably.

What's actually happening

Your finger joints are designed to work together like a team. When one part changes, the others must adjust. In hand arthritis, this teamwork breaks down. The bones at the ends of your fingers wear down. The smooth surface that lets them glide becomes rough. This causes pain and stiffness.

Think of your joint like a door hinge. Over time, the metal wears thin. The hinge starts to squeak and stick. In your hand, the 'shock absorber' cartilage thins out. The bones then rub against each other. This creates inflammation and swelling. You may notice your grip feels weaker. Studies show that hand forces can drop by 30% in people with this condition. Your fingers simply do not push or pull as hard as they used to.

The tendons that move your fingers are like ropes. They cross multiple joints to pull your fingers straight or bent. When the joint structure changes, these ropes get pulled out of alignment. This is the main reason fingers can start to look crooked. It often starts early in the disease. The tendons stretch or tighten unevenly. This pulls the joint out of its normal path.

At the base of your thumb, a similar process happens. The joint here handles a lot of twisting and pinching forces. Over time, these compressive shear forces wear away the joint lining. The ligaments that hold the thumb bone in place become loose. Without this stability, the bone shifts. This leads to pain when you grip objects or turn keys.

Your surgeon sees how these small changes add up. The loss of motion in one finger affects how you use your whole hand. You might find it harder to button shirts or open jars. The goal of treatment is to restore that smooth movement. We aim to reduce the friction and stabilize the joint. This helps you regain strength and comfort in your daily tasks.

What we can do about it

Dr Kieran Hirpara, an upper-limb surgeon at Mater Private Hospital Rockhampton, approaches this condition by matching the treatment to your specific needs. Patients reach our clinic by GP or physiotherapist referral. A clinic assessment establishes the diagnosis. For degenerative or long-standing problems, we usually try non-operative care first. This includes activity changes, physiotherapy, splinting, and injections. We consider surgery when this has not given enough improvement.

You can start by changing how you use your hand. Avoid activities that cause pain. Physiotherapy helps keep the joint flexible and strengthens the surrounding muscles. Serial casting is an effective method to correct stiffness in selected patients. You should give this approach a fair trial. It aims to reduce pain and maintain movement without invasive steps.

If simple measures are not enough, we discuss medical options. Pain medication and anti-inflammatories help manage discomfort. Injections can also provide relief. Cortisone injections reduce inflammation and pain for a limited time. Hyaluronic acid injections may lubricate the joint. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections use your own blood components to support healing. These treatments do not cure arthritis, but they can help you stay active for longer.

Surgery is considered when conservative care has reached its limit and pain still limits your daily life. Proximal interphalangeal joint implant arthroplasty is a good and reliable option for symptomatic arthritis given the proper clinical setting. It replaces the damaged joint surface to relieve pain and restore function. Surface replacement arthroplasty can result in excellent range of motion, function, and pain relief with minimal complications in active patients. Silicone arthroplasty remains a good option for pain relief. Pyrolytic carbon hemiarthroplasty appears to be a viable alternative. We discuss these options with you to decide what is right for your hand and your lifestyle.

What to expect

Your joint replacement is designed to give you reliable, long-term pain relief and help you keep using your hand. Most people find that their symptoms settle down significantly after the procedure. You can expect to feel much better, with less stiffness and pain during daily tasks. This approach is a good option for wear-and-tear arthritis, injury-related arthritis, or inflammatory conditions.

Recovery takes time. On average, you will likely return to work after about 8 weeks. In the first few months, your hand will feel different as it heals. You might notice that your range of motion improves initially. However, it is important to know that your joint’s flexibility tends to decrease gradually over time. This is a normal part of how these implants age. Even if your movement does not improve further, you can still expect stable pain relief and good function for years.

If you manage your condition well, you can maintain a functional hand with minimal complications. The goal is to keep the joint working smoothly without needing extra surgeries. Some patients remain essentially pain-free and well-functioning for decades. In fact, some studies show patients staying pain-free for up to 41 years after similar procedures. Your surgeon will aim to minimize any postoperative issues, as this helps keep your overall health care costs lower.

If you leave the arthritis untreated, the pain and stiffness usually persist or worsen. You may find it harder to grip objects or perform fine motor tasks. While some treatments like serial casting can help correct tightness in specific cases, they do not reverse the underlying wear-and-tear. Without intervention, the joint continues to degenerate. Choosing replacement surgery offers a clear path to pain relief and maintained function, whereas waiting often means living with increasing discomfort and limited use of your hand.

When to see someone

Ask for a specialist review if you have persistent pain in your finger joint that does not improve with rest. Seek care if you notice weakness, instability, or if the joint locks or gives way. These symptoms can interfere with sleep or work. PIP joint arthroplasty is indicated for osteoarthritis or posttraumatic arthritis. It is a reliable option for symptomatic degenerative, post-traumatic, or inflammatory arthritis in the proper clinical setting. However, treatment of the long finger may be a relative contraindication. Your surgeon will assess if your functional pain is invalidating enough to warrant this procedure.

Reviewed by AI synthesis (v2) — pending human review · 18 May 2026.

Want the clinical detail? Read the clinician version.

Talk to your treating clinician for advice specific to you.

For an appointment with the CQ Hand + Upper Limb team, ask your GP about a referral or visit www.cqupperlimb.com.

Evidence & references

Overview

  • Surface replacement arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint using a volar approach can result in excellent range of motion, function, and pain relief with minimal complications in active patients with osteoarthritis or posttraumatic arthritis [1].
  • Treatment of the long finger may be a relative contraindication to proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty [2].
  • There has been an increased use of primary proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty utilization for patients with osteoarthritis, whereas revision proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty has decreased [3].
  • Treatment of metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis with an anatomically neutral implant can provide reliable, long-term pain relief and maintenance of function [4].
  • Patients returned to work after a median of 8 weeks following proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty [5].
  • Serial casting is an effective method to correct flexion contractures in proximal interphalangeal joints in selected patients with arthritis [6].
  • Minimizing postoperative complications after metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty is one avenue to decrease health care costs [7].
  • Proximal interphalangeal joint implant arthroplasty is a good and reliable option for symptomatic proximal interphalangeal joint degenerative, post-traumatic, or inflammatory arthritis given the proper clinical setting [10].
  • Minimum two years of follow-up evaluation of the self-locking finger joint implant proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty demonstrated good pain relief and good overall patient satisfaction while maintaining joint range of motion [11].
  • Silicone arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint remains a good option for pain relief [13].
  • Pyrolytic carbon hemiarthroplasty appears to be a viable alternative to total joint arthroplasty in the treatment of proximal interphalangeal joint arthritis [16].

Anatomy & Pathophysiology

  • Women with hand osteoarthritis exhibited significantly lower intrinsic hand forces compared to healthy women, with a mean decrease of 30% across most force types [21].
  • People with hand arthritis move through a smaller arc of motion when performing some functional tasks as compared with controls [32].
  • The internal structure and material properties of the phalanges play a significant role in both the magnitude and distribution of stresses in the MCP joint during common tasks [24].
  • Interdependency of joints is a primary feature of finger function [39].
  • The function of a muscle with respect to a certain joint cannot be inferred from the position of the muscle with respect to that one joint alone due to tendons bridging multiple joints [39].
  • Changes occurring in the tendons and related structures are the most important factor in the development of finger deformities, especially in early stages [27].
  • Detailed understanding of the functional anatomy and related pathologic features of the trapeziometacarpal joint complex provides the basis for treatment of acquired afflictions at the base of the human thumb [31].
  • Compressive shear forces can lead over time to trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis [33].
  • In most degrees of freedom of metacarpal movement relative to the trapezium, the dorsoradial ligament (DRL) is relatively more important than the deep anterior oblique ligament (dAOL) in providing stability to the TMC joint [36].
  • Thumb basal joint arthritis is a progressive disease with substantial new biomechanical and longitudinal clinical studies changing prevailing opinions on serial degenerative changes [22].
  • Type I and III wrists had radiographic progression and ultimately underwent deformation [20].
  • Most of the outcome measures associated with hand OA or RA are related to body structures and body functions or activity limitations and participation restrictions [30].

Classification

  • Primary proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty utilization has increased for patients with osteoarthritis, whereas revision utilization has decreased [3].
  • The TACTYS prosthesis should be proposed exceptionally if the proximal interphalangeal joint arthritis causes invalidating functional pain [8].
  • Radiological osteoarthritis after a mallet finger fracture is similar to the natural degenerative process in the distal interphalangeal joint and is accompanied by a decrease in range of motion of the distal interphalangeal joint, which does not clinically affect patient-reported outcome measures [12].
  • Cortical breaks were commonly visualized in metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints with high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT and microCT [17].
  • Expert consensus can be reached to identify putative risk factors for interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis, though the number identified was low and often required multiple Delphi rounds [18].
  • The revision rate for the LPM prosthesis was higher than in published series for other proximal interphalangeal joint implants, warranting close surveillance of all patients with this prosthesis currently in situ [43].
  • Surface replacement arthroplasty using the SR PIP implant continues to be an option for patients with osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint [45].

Clinical Presentation

  • PIP joint arthroplasty may be a relative contraindication for treatment of the long finger [2].
  • Patients with PIP joint arthritis causing invalidating functional pain should be considered for arthroplasty [8].
  • PIPJ implant arthroplasty is a good and reliable option for symptomatic PIPJ degenerative, post-traumatic, or inflammatory arthritis given the proper clinical setting [10].
  • Treatment of MCP and PIP osteoarthritis with an anatomically neutral implant can provide reliable, long-term pain relief and maintenance of function [4].
  • Silicone arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the PIP remains a good option for pain relief [13].
  • Surface replacement arthroplasty of the PIP joint using a volar approach can result in excellent range of motion, function, and pain relief with minimal complications in active patients with osteoarthritis or posttraumatic arthritis [1].
  • Surface replacement arthroplasty of the PIP joint using a volar approach has the tendency to deteriorate in range of motion with longer follow-up [15].
  • Pyrolytic carbon hemiarthroplasty for PIP joint arthritis results in good pain relief and stable radiographic integration at 5 years, with no late revisions or loosening observed, despite no improvement in range of motion [19].
  • Patients should be advised that PIPJ range of motion deteriorates over time following pyrolytic carbon hemiarthroplasty [9].
  • Minimum two-year follow-up evaluation of the Self Locking Finger Joint (SLFJ) implant PIP joint arthroplasty demonstrated good pain relief and good overall patient satisfaction while maintaining joint range of motion [11].
  • Autologous rib perichondrium transplants restored injured PIP and MCP joints that remained essentially pain-free and mostly well-functioning without need for additional surgeries up to 41 years after the procedure [14].
  • Serial casting is an effective method to correct flexion contractures in PIP joints in selected patients with arthritis [6].
  • Cortical breaks were commonly visualized in MCP and PIP joints with high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT and microCT [17].
  • Expert consensus can be reached to identify putative risk factors for IP joint osteoarthritis, though the number identified was low and often required multiple Delphi rounds [18].
  • Treatment modalities for PIP joint arthritis are currently limited, and the disease process involves a complex interplay of biochemical, metabolic, and genetic factors rather than simple mechanical stress [40].
  • Early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is important, and referral to a rheumatologist followed by treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic agents has been shown to improve outcomes [35].

Investigations

  • The volar approach to proximal interphalangeal joint surface replacement arthroplasty can result in excellent range of motion, function, and pain relief with minimal complications in active patients with osteoarthritis or posttraumatic arthritis [1].
  • There has been an increased use of primary proximal interphalangeal joint implant arthroplasty utilization for patients with osteoarthritis, whereas revision utilization has decreased [3].
  • Proximal interphalangeal joint implant arthroplasty should be proposed exceptionally if the joint arthritis causes invalidating functional pain [8].
  • Patients should be advised that proximal interphalangeal joint range of motion deteriorates over time following pyrolytic carbon hemiarthroplasty [9].
  • Perichondrium transplants restored injured proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints that remained essentially pain-free and mostly well-functioning without need for additional surgeries up to 41 years after the procedure [14].
  • Proximal interphalangeal joint range of motion after surface replacement arthroplasty through a volar approach has the tendency to deteriorate with a longer follow-up [15].
  • Pyrolytic carbon prosthesis replacement of the proximal interphalangeal joint reports good pain relief and stable radiographic integration at 5 years, with no late revisions or loosening observed, despite no improvement in range of motion [19].
  • All described techniques for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis can achieve the goal of fusing an osteoarthritic joint [47].
  • In patients with established hand osteoarthritis, clinical involvement of the thumb base joint is associated with a higher clinical burden, whereas radiological involvement of the thumb base joint is associated with older age and more structural abnormalities [49].

Treatment

  • The combination of distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis and proximal interphalangeal joint Swanson arthroplasty resulted in a favourable outcome in terms of simultaneous bony union and flexibility [41].

Complications

  • Treatment of the long finger may be a relative contraindication to PIPJ arthroplasty [2].
  • Minimizing postoperative complications after MCP and PIP joint arthroplasty is one avenue to decrease health care costs [7].
  • Patients should be advised that PIPJ range of motion deteriorates over time [9].
  • Diabetes and surgeon experience were identified as factors increasing the risk of postoperative complications in DIP and thumb IP joint arthrodeses [44].

Recovery

  • Patients returned to work after a median of 8 weeks following PIP arthroplasty [5].
  • Patients should be advised that PIPJ ROM deteriorates over time [9].
  • The minimum 2 years of follow-up evaluation of the SLFJ implant PIP joint arthroplasty demonstrated good pain relief and good overall patient satisfaction while maintaining joint range of motion [11].
  • Perichondrium transplants restored injured PIP and MCP joints that remained essentially pain-free and mostly well-functioning without need for additional surgeries up to 41 years after the procedure [14].
  • PIP ROM after SRA through a volar approach has the tendency to deteriorate with a longer follow-up [15].
  • The study reports good pain relief and stable radiographic integration at 5 years, with no late revisions or loosening observed, despite no improvement in range of motion [19].

Key Evidence

  • [L4] The volar approach to PIP SRA can result in excellent range of motion, function, and pain relief with minimal complications in active patients with osteoarthritis or posttraumatic arthritis. [1] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.03.003)
  • [L1] Treatment of the long finger may be a relative contraindication to PIPJ arthroplasty. [2] (10.1177/1558944718791186)
  • [L4] The data demonstrate an increased use of primary PIPA utilization for patients with OA, whereas revision PIPA decreased. [3] (10.1177/1558944719837009)
  • [L4] Treatment of MCP and PIP osteoarthritis with an anatomically neutral implant can provide reliable, long-term pain relief and maintenance of function. [4] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.11.005)
  • [L3] Patients returned to work after a median of 8 weeks following PIP arthroplasty. [5] (10.1177/15589447221141485)
  • [L4] SC is an effective method to correct flexion contractures in PIP joints in selected patients with arthritis. [6] (10.1016/j.jht.2015.11.005)
  • [L3] Minimizing postoperative complications after MCP and PIP joint arthroplasty is one avenue to decrease health care costs. [7] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.11.002)
  • [L4] It should be proposed exceptionally if the PIP joint arthritis causes invalidating functional pain. [8] (10.1177/15589447211030962)
  • [L4] Patients should be advised that PIPJ ROM deteriorates over time. [9] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.007)
  • [L4] PIPJ implant arthroplasty is a good and reliable option for symptomatic PIPJ degenerative, post-traumatic or inflammatory arthritis given the proper clinical setting. [10] (10.1177/17531934241265837)
  • [L4] The minimum 2 years of follow-up evaluation of the SLFJ implant PIP joint arthroplasty demonstrated good pain relief and good overall patient satisfaction while maintaining joint range of motion. [11] (10.1177/1558944717726136)
  • [L4] Radiological OA after an MFF is similar to the natural degenerative process in the DIP joint and is accompanied by a decrease in range of motion of the DIP joint, which does not clinically affect PROMs. [12] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.03.027)
  • [L4] Silicone arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the PIP remains a good option for pain relief. [13] (10.1177/1558944718769427)
  • [L4] Perichondrium transplants restored injured PIP and MCP joints that remained essentially pain-free and mostly well-functioning without need for additional surgeries up to 41 years after the procedure. [14] (10.1186/s12891-020-03310-5)
  • [L4] PIP ROM after SRA through a volar approach has the tendency to deteriorate with a longer follow-up. [15] (10.1177/1558944718787332)
  • [L4] Pyrocarbon hemiarthroplasty appears to be a viable alternative to total joint arthroplasty in the treatment of PIP joint arthritis. [16] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.016)
  • [L4] Cortical breaks were commonly visualized in MCP and PIP joints with HR-pQCT and microCT. [17] (10.1186/s12891-016-1148-y)
  • [L4] Expert consensus can be reached to identify putative risk factors for IP joint OA, though the number identified was low and often required multiple Delphi rounds. [18] (10.1177/1753193419865872)
  • [L4] The study reports good pain relief and stable radiographic integration at 5 years, with no late revisions or loosening observed, despite no improvement in range of motion. [19] (10.1177/1753193413479527)
  • [L2] Type I and III wrists had radiographic progression and ultimately underwent deformation. [20] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.01.016)
  • [L3] Women with hand osteoarthritis exhibited significantly lower intrinsic hand forces compared to healthy women, with a mean decrease of 30% across most force types. [21] (10.1016/j.jht.2024.02.005)
  • [L5] Thumb basal joint arthritis is a progressive disease with substantial new biomechanical and longitudinal clinical studies changing prevailing opinions on serial degenerative changes. [22] (10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00374)
  • [L5] The internal structure and material properties of the phalanges were found to play a significant role in both the magnitude and distribution of stresses. [24] (10.1007/s11552-012-9430-4)
  • [L4] The most important factor in the development of finger deformities is the changes occurring in the tendons and related structures, especially in early stages. [27] (10.2106/00004623-195739030-00006)
  • [L2] Most of the outcome measures associated with hand OA or RA are related to body structures and body functions or activity limitations and participation restrictions. [30] (10.1016/j.jht.2019.12.015)
  • [L5] Detailed understanding of the functional anatomy and related pathologic features of the trapeziometacarpal joint complex provides the basis for treatment of acquired afflictions at the base of the human thumb and a model for the more general study of idiopathic osteoarthritis. [31] (10.1097/01.blo.0000176968.28247.5c)
  • [L3] This study demonstrated that people with hand arthritis move through a smaller arc of motion when performing some functional tasks as compared with the controls, and that with instruction on joint protection techniques, participants made significant changes in the amount of movement used to perform tasks, which supports a proof of principle of joint protection. [32] (10.1016/j.jht.2020.10.010)
  • [L5] The resulting compressive shear forces can lead over time to trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis. [33] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.029)
  • [L5] Early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is important, and referral to a rheumatologist followed by treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic agents has been shown to improve outcomes. [35] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.01.036)
  • [L5] In most degrees of freedom of metacarpal movement relative to the trapezium, the DRL is relatively more important than the dAOL in providing stability to the TMC joint. [36] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.12.002)
  • [L5] The paper concludes that interdependency of joints is a primary feature of finger function, and that the function of a muscle with respect to a certain joint cannot be inferred from the position of the muscle with respect to that one joint alone due to tendons bridging multiple joints. [39] (10.2106/00004623-196345080-00007)
  • [L5] Treatment modalities for proximal interphalangeal joint arthritis are currently limited, and the disease process involves a complex interplay of biochemical, metabolic, and genetic factors rather than simple mechanical stress. [40] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.09.002)
  • [L4] The combination of DIP arthrodesis and PIP Swanson arthroplasty resulted in a favourable outcome in terms of simultaneous bony union and flexibility. [41] (10.1177/17531934231215790)
  • [L4] The revision rate for the LPM prosthesis was higher than in published series for other PIP joint implants, with close surveillance of all patients with this prosthesis currently in situ recommended. [43] (10.1177/1753193407087864)
  • [L3] Diabetes and surgeon experience were identified as factors increasing the risk of postoperative complications in these DIP/thumb IP joint arthrodeses. [44] (10.1186/s12891-024-07361-w)
  • [L4] Surface replacement arthroplasty using the SR PIP implant continues to be an option for patients with osteoarthritis of the PIP joint. [45] (10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.11.015)
  • [L1] All described techniques can achieve the goal of fusing an osteoarthritic joint. [47] (10.1530/eor-21-0102)
  • [L3] In patients with established hand OA clinical involvement of the TBJ is associated with a higher clinical burden whereas radiological involvement of the TBJ is associated with older age and more structural abnormalities. [49] (10.1016/j.jht.2014.01.006)

References

[1] Surface Replacement Arthroplasty of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Using a Volar Approach: Case Series. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.03.003 [2] Prosthetic Arthroplasty of Proximal Interphalangeal Joints for Treatment of Osteoarthritis and Posttraumatic Arthritis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing the Three Ulnar Digits With the Index Finger. HAND. 2018. DOI: 10.1177/1558944718791186 [3] Trends in Primary Proximal Interphalangeal Joint System and Revisions for Osteoarthritis of the Hand in the Medicare Database. HAND. 2019. DOI: 10.1177/1558944719837009 [4] Anatomically Neutral Silicone Small Joint Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.11.005 [5] Type of Work and Preoperative Ability to Perform Work Affect Return to Usual Work Following Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447221141485 [6] Effects of serial casting in the treatment of flexion contractures of proximal interphalangeal joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A retrospective study. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2015.11.005 [7] National Prevalence of Complications and Cost of Small Joint Arthroplasty for Hand Osteoarthritis and Post-Traumatic Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.11.002 [8] Arthroplasty of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint With the TACTYS Prosthesis: Clinical and Radiographic Results With a Mean Follow-up of 5 Years. HAND. 2022. DOI: 10.1177/15589447211030962 [9] Pyrolytic Carbon Hemiarthroplasty for Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthritis, Long-Term Follow-Up. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.11.007 [10] Proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty: current trends and evidence-based practice. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2024. DOI: 10.1177/17531934241265837 [11] Outcomes of Surface Replacement Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty Using the Self Locking Finger Joint Implant: Minimum Two Years Follow-up. HAND. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1558944717726136 [12] Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint: A Follow-Up Study of 12 Years After Nonsurgical Treatment of Mallet Finger Fractures. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.03.027 [13] Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Silicone Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis: Midterm Outcomes. HAND. 2018. DOI: 10.1177/1558944718769427 [14] Reconstruction of finger joints using autologous rib perichondrium – an observational study at a single Centre with a median follow-up of 37 years. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03310-5 [15] Surface Replacement Arthroplasty Using a Volar Approach for Osteoarthritis of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint: Results After a Minimum 5-Year Follow-up. HAND. 2018. DOI: 10.1177/1558944718787332 [16] Pyrolytic Carbon Hemiarthroplasty in the Management of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.12.016 [17] Visual detection of cortical breaks in hand joints: reliability and validity of high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT compared to microCT. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2016. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1148-y [18] Delphi consensus of risk factors for development and progression of finger interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2019. DOI: 10.1177/1753193419865872 [19] Ten years’ experience with a pyrocarbon prosthesis replacing the proximal interphalangeal joint. A prospective clinical and radiographic follow-up. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume). 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1753193413479527 [20] Prediction of Wrist Prognosis in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis According to Radiographic Classification. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.01.016 [21] Impaired intrinsic hand strength in women with osteoarthritis. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2024.02.005 [22] Thumb Basal Joint Arthritis. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2018. DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00374 [24] A three-dimensional finite element analysis of finger joint stresses in the MCP joint while performing common tasks. HAND. 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-012-9430-4 [27] Finger Deformities Caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1957. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-195739030-00006 [30] Linking ICF components to outcome measures for hand osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2019.12.015 [31] THE ABJS 2005 NICOLAS ANDRY AWARD: Osteoarthritis and Injury at the Base of the Human Thumb. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2005. DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000176968.28247.5c [32] Comparison of finger kinematics between patients with hand osteoarthritis and healthy participants with and without joint protection programs. Journal of Hand Therapy. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2020.10.010 [33] Current Concepts of the Anatomy of the Thumb Trapeziometacarpal Joint. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.10.029 [35] Laboratory Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.01.036 [36] Effects of the Deep Anterior Oblique and Dorsoradial Ligaments on Trapeziometacarpal Joint Stability. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.12.002 [39] The Coordination of Finger-Joint Motions. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1963. 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