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What's New — Elbow — May 2026

69 new articles published this month.

Themes: UCL Injury and Return to Sport · Elbow Instability and Ligament Reconstruction · Total Elbow Arthroplasty and Periprosthetic Complications · Distal Humerus Fractures and Hemiarthroplasty · Nerve Pathology and Soft Tissue Injuries · Osteochondritis Dissecans and Arthroscopic Techniques

Digest generated 2026-06-05 20:42:14+00:00.

Highlights

UCL Injury and Return to Sport

This theme addresses the management and outcomes of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries, particularly in overhead athletes. Studies evaluate diagnostic accuracy of special tests [7], compare repair versus reconstruction techniques [69], and analyze return-to-sport rates in baseball players [2, 39, 55, 69]. Economic impacts on professional teams are also assessed [24], alongside epidemiological trends in the US [56]. Psychological readiness for return to sport is measured using the EI-RSI scale [63], and attitudes toward velocity and injury risk among collegiate pitchers are explored [64].

Elbow Instability and Ligament Reconstruction

Articles in this theme focus on the diagnosis and surgical management of elbow instability, including posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) and terrible triad injuries. Diagnostic methods include clinical tests [38, 42] and biomechanical studies [40, 54, 65]. Surgical interventions involve internal joint stabilizers [21, 26, 30, 54, 62], lateral collateral ligament repairs [41, 45], and techniques for recurrent instability [26]. The theme also covers the role of the flexor-pronator mass in stability [29, 65] and the impact of coronoid defects on ligament stress [40].

Total Elbow Arthroplasty and Periprosthetic Complications

This theme covers total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) outcomes, indications, and complications. Studies compare TEA for arthritis versus fracture [12, 33], evaluate revision strategies for periprosthetic joint infection [8], and analyze cost differences between primary and revision TEA [23]. Periprosthetic fractures are managed with allograft constructs [17], and risk factors such as proton pump inhibitor use are linked to adverse outcomes [60]. Long-term efficacy of elective primary TEA is reviewed [53], and rare complications like metal-associated sarcoma are reported [51].

Distal Humerus Fractures and Hemiarthroplasty

Articles focus on the treatment of distal humerus fractures, comparing hemiarthroplasty with other options. Hemiarthroplasty outcomes are evaluated in acute versus salvage settings [14], with radiographic assessments of implant anatomy [13] and cost-effectiveness [4]. The incidence of subsequent TEA after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is analyzed based on fracture pattern [5]. Specific fracture types, such as posterior shear fractures [57] and coronal shear fractures with olecranon involvement [25], are also discussed, highlighting surgical techniques and outcomes.

Nerve Pathology and Soft Tissue Injuries

This theme encompasses ulnar nerve disorders and soft tissue repairs. Cubital tunnel syndrome management is surveyed [9] and compared via systematic review [19], with novel diagnostic tools like machine learning ultrasound [10] and non-upper extremity surgery incidence [11] included. Distal biceps and triceps repairs are analyzed for outcomes in athletes [31, 67] and chronic cases using allografts [27]. Nerve palsy management includes Steindler flexorplasty [34] and triceps transfers in brachial plexus injuries [36, 50].

Osteochondritis Dissecans and Arthroscopic Techniques

Articles address capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in athletes, comparing surgical treatments and return-to-sport outcomes [2, 43, 48]. Arthroscopic techniques are evaluated, including flexible optics for better visualization [6] and pre-operative simulation for osteophyte removal in osteoarthritis [47]. The theme also includes diagnostic imaging advancements, such as photon-counting CT for OCD [43], and radiographic analysis of instability lesions like the Osborne-Cotterill lesion [52].

Articles by Theme

UCL Injury and Return to Sport (10)

2. Paul RW, Anton B, Casalino G, et al. Return to Sport After Surgical Treatment of Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions in Baseball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/03635465261443986

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared return-to-sport rates and clinical outcomes across various surgical procedures for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans in youth baseball players. The analysis found no significant difference in return-to-sport rates among debridement, fixation, grafting, and transplantation techniques, supporting the initial hypothesis. Clinicians can select surgical strategies based on lesion characteristics and surgeon expertise without compromising the likelihood of athletes returning to play.

7. Sciascia AD, Bowman EN, Camp C, et al. Clinical Utility of the Moving Valgus Stress Test and Milking Maneuver for Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Elbow. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/03635465261439107

This cross-sectional study assessed the clinical utility of six special tests for detecting medial ulnar collateral ligament injuries in an athletic population. The moving valgus stress test demonstrated the highest sensitivity and accuracy, while the milking maneuver showed strong diagnostic value when combined with other tests. These findings support the use of the moving valgus stress test as a primary screening tool for MUCL injuries in athletes with elbow pain.

15. Mitsui Y, Higuchi K, Hara K, et al. Preliminary clinical outcomes of shoelace repair with internal brace for ulnar collateral ligament injuries with chronic avulsion bone fragments in student baseball players. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101649

This pilot study investigated pre-operative soft tissue injuries as predictors of elbow stiffness following radial head fracture fixation, analyzing MRI data for capsular and ligamentous damage. The results indicated no significant difference in final range of motion based on immobilization duration, suggesting intrinsic soft tissue injury may be a more critical factor in postoperative stiffness.

24. Mastroianni MA, Givens RR, Kim DJ, et al. A modern advanced analytic approach to cost and performance loss analysis of ulnar collateral ligament surgery to Major League Baseball teams. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100651

This study utilized advanced analytics to quantify the economic and performance losses incurred by Major League Baseball teams due to ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in pitchers. The analysis revealed a significant increase in surgeries and calculated substantial financial impacts based on salary costs and lost player performance metrics.

39. Morrissette C, Alexander F, Mastroianni M, et al. Elbow range of motion is stable or improves following ulnar collateral ligament repairs and reconstructions. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.10.002

This analysis of the Pitch Registry examined elbow range of motion trajectories following ulnar collateral ligament repairs and reconstructions in throwing athletes. The study found that range of motion generally stabilizes or improves postoperatively, with specific factors identified that influence final recovery outcomes.

55. Chang W, Chen H, Ma H, et al. Primary Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Major League Baseball Pitchers: An Analysis of Factors Associated With Successful Return to Preinjury Level of Performance. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261434607

This retrospective study analyzed factors associated with successful return to preinjury performance levels in Major League Baseball pitchers following ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. Pitchers whose performance relied heavily on fastball effectiveness and those with high prior workloads faced greater challenges in returning to their previous level. These findings help identify pitchers at higher risk for suboptimal outcomes after surgery.

56. Guy CR, Martin B, Sciascia A, et al. Incidence of Elbow Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair and Reconstruction: A US Population Database Study 2016 to 2022. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261415857

Précis unavailable.

63. Kadantsev P, Ellafi A, Siebenlist S, et al. Development and Validation of the Elbow Instability-Return to Sport After Injury (EI-RSI) Scale: Assessing Psychological Readiness for Return to Sport. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261442598

This study developed and validated the Elbow Instability–Return to Sport after Injury (EI-RSI) scale to assess psychological readiness for return to sport in athletes following lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. The scale demonstrated good validity and reliability, correlating with established functional outcome measures like the MEPS and PREE. The EI-RSI provides a validated tool for clinicians to evaluate psychological barriers to return to sport, complementing physical assessments in postoperative care.

64. King BW, Bailey EP, Seilern und Aspang J, et al. Collegiate Pitchers’ Attitudes Toward Fastball Velocity and Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Risk: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261437681

This cross-sectional survey study evaluated collegiate baseball pitchers' attitudes toward fastball velocity and its perceived relationship with ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury risk. The results revealed that pitchers place high importance on velocity and a significant proportion are willing to accept increased UCL injury risk to achieve higher speeds. These findings underscore the cultural pressure to prioritize velocity over injury prevention, highlighting a need for targeted education on risk management.

69. Kirkham MS, Alvandi BA, Christy KB, et al. Return to Sport After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair and Reconstruction. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.017

This retrospective study compared complications, clinical outcomes, and return to sport rates between ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) repair and reconstruction in overhead athletes. While both procedures yielded high return to sport rates, repair was associated with faster return to throwing and potentially fewer complications in select patients. These findings support considering suture-augmented repair as a viable alternative to reconstruction for appropriate UCL injuries.

Elbow Instability and Ligament Reconstruction (12)

21. Ahmad A, Ghayyad K, Mitchell A, et al. External hinged fixation vs. internal joint stabilization for elbow instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of functional outcomes and surgical complications. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100638

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared functional outcomes and surgical complications between external hinged fixation and internal joint stabilization for traumatic elbow instability. The findings suggest that while both methods restore stability, internal joint stabilization may offer comparable or superior functional outcomes with a different complication profile.

26. Power FR, Ye X, Mehta N, et al. Greater sigmoid notch sling technique for recurrent elbow instability with greater sigmoid notch dysplasia. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100655

This technical note describes the greater sigmoid notch sling technique for addressing recurrent elbow instability in patients with greater sigmoid notch dysplasia. The procedure utilizes a sling construct to enhance stability in cases where standard repairs may be insufficient due to anatomical variations. This technique offers a potential surgical solution for complex instability scenarios involving specific morphological abnormalities of the sigmoid notch.

29. Orimoto K, Nakamura E, Someya Y, et al. Influence of medial epicondyle morphology on the contribution of flexor–pronator muscle contractions to dynamic elbow stability. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100680

Précis unavailable.

30. Cushman CJ, Hernandez EJ, Jain N, et al. Dual internal joint stabilizer placement for elbow instability: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100684

Précis unavailable.

38. Syed L, Nahar S, Bintcliffe F, et al. Comparison of the posterolateral rotatory drawer test and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing chronic lateral collateral ligament insufficiency of the elbow. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.09.010

This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of the posterolateral rotatory drawer test and magnetic resonance imaging against arthroscopy for chronic lateral collateral ligament insufficiency. The results provide evidence on the relative sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination versus imaging, aiding in the diagnostic workflow for elbow instability.

40. Babasiz T, Wegmann K, Rausch V, et al. Influence of anteromedial facet defects of the coronoids process on the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament in human cadaveric specimens. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.09.004

This biomechanical study investigated the stress on the posterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament in the presence of anteromedial facet coronoid defects. The findings indicate that these bone defects significantly increase strain on the posterior medial collateral ligament, suggesting its potential role in varus posteromedial rotatory instability.

41. Clark SC, Gerard NO, Ramsey ZT, et al. Operative management of posterolateral rotatory instability in females: favorable 6-year outcomes in primary and revision elbows. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.08.025

This retrospective study evaluated operative outcomes for posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) in females, finding favorable 6-year results in both primary and revision surgeries. The findings suggest that surgical repair or reconstruction of the radial ulnohumeral ligament is an effective treatment for this condition in women, supporting its use as a viable clinical option.

42. Swanson TL, Gonzalez Carta K, Camp CL, et al. Correlation of sonographic posterolateral rotatory stress test and posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101645

Researchers developed sonographic criteria for diagnosing PLRI by measuring lateral ulnohumeral joint laxity under stress, identifying a significant stress delta in clinically unstable elbows. This objective imaging metric offers a valuable diagnostic tool to complement physical examinations, potentially improving the accuracy of PLRI diagnosis.

45. Sachinis NP, Patousis A, Galanis N, et al. Radial head replacement with intact lateral ulnar collateral ligament vs. repair and augmentation using nonabsorbable tape and anchors: a pragmatic comparative study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101672

This comparative study found no significant difference in clinical outcomes between radial head replacement with an intact lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) and replacement with LUCL repair and augmentation. The findings imply that routine LUCL repair and augmentation may not be necessary if the ligament is intact, potentially simplifying surgical management of complex radial head fractures.

54. Semenza NC, Shah HA, Wang VZ, et al. The Internal Joint Stabilizer in Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries: A Biomechanical Study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.058

Using a US population database, this study investigated trends in elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) repair and reconstruction from 2016 to 2022. The analysis revealed shifting epidemiological patterns in the surgical management of UCL injuries, reflecting the growing acceptance of repair techniques. These data provide essential context for understanding the current landscape of UCL injury treatment.

62. Phillips T, Casanova C, Fiedler B, et al. Has the Internal Joint Stabilizer Altered the Need for a Medial Approach in Triad Injuries?. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.014

This retrospective study compared the rates of supplemental medial approaches in terrible triad elbow injuries before and after the introduction of the internal joint stabilizer (IJS). The results showed a significant decrease in the need for secondary medial approaches in the post-IJS era, indicating improved stability from the standard lateral approach. This suggests that the IJS can streamline surgical management of terrible triad injuries by reducing the complexity and morbidity associated with additional approaches.

65. Yassin M, Murad H, Mahamid A, et al. Radiographic Findings Following Sequential Transection of the Medial Collateral Ligament and Flexor–Pronator Mass. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.034

This cadaveric study quantified radiographic changes in the medial ulnohumeral joint space and valgus alignment following sequential transection of the medial collateral ligament bundles and flexor-pronator mass. The medial joint space increased progressively with each transection, reaching 26.4 mm after complete release of all stabilizers. These findings highlight the cumulative contribution of static and dynamic stabilizers to elbow valgus stability. Clinically, this underscores the importance of addressing both ligamentous and muscular structures in cases of combined medial elbow instability.

Total Elbow Arthroplasty and Periprosthetic Complications (8)

8. Hwang R, Khoriati A, Conville J, et al. One-stage vs. two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection after total elbow arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Shoulder & Elbow 2026. doi:10.1177/17585732261435127

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared reinfection rates between one-stage and two-stage revisions for periprosthetic joint infection following total elbow arthroplasty. The pooled reinfection rates were numerically similar between the two approaches, although evidence remains limited due to small sample sizes. Clinicians should consider patient-specific factors and institutional expertise when choosing between one- and two-stage revision protocols for infected elbow arthroplasties.

12. Uvarov EV, Patel K, Adams JA, et al. Total Elbow Arthroplasty Complication, Reoperation, and Revision Rates: A Comparison Between Arthroplasty for Arthritis Versus Fracture. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100981

A retrospective review compared total elbow arthroplasty outcomes for arthritis versus fractures, finding higher complication and reoperation rates in the arthritis group. These data suggest that surgical indications and patient demographics significantly influence postoperative morbidity and implant survival.

17. Mastracci JC, Chintalapudi N, Frix JT, et al. Allograft strut–screw construct in the management of total elbow periprosthetic fractures: a surgical technique with high complication rate. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100627

This technical note describes the surgical technique of using an allograft strut-screw construct for managing total elbow periprosthetic fractures. The authors report a high complication rate associated with this approach, suggesting it may not be a reliable solution for these complex injuries.

23. Ragland DA, Molokwu BO, Xu JJ, et al. Comparison of inpatient charges and costs between revision and primary total elbow arthroplasty in the New York state. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100648

This study analyzed inpatient charges for primary versus revision total elbow arthroplasty among Medicare and Medicaid patients in New York State from 2010 to 2020. The findings confirmed that revision procedures are significantly more expensive than primary arthroplasties, with costs varying based on hospital procedural volume.

33. Watts A, Hamoodi Z, McDaid C, et al. Pain score distribution: an expert elicitation study for distal humerus hemiarthroplasty and total elbow arthroplasty using a validated numerical patient rated outcome-measure in trauma. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101640

This study utilized expert elicitation to generate probability distributions for 12-month Patient Rated Elbow Evaluation pain scores following total elbow arthroplasty or distal humerus hemiarthroplasty. The findings provide essential data on expected pain outcomes and variability, which are critical for designing a future randomized controlled trial comparing these two surgical interventions.

51. Kim J, Kim Y, Park J. Metal-Associated Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma Around a Long-Term Elbow Implant: A Case Report. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.057

This case report describes a patient who developed metal-associated undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma around a long-term elbow implant. The findings highlight the rare but serious risk of malignancy associated with long-standing orthopedic hardware. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for sarcoma in patients with new-onset pain or swelling around long-term implants.

53. Challoumas D, Wong T, Barrett B, et al. Efficacy and safety of elective primary total elbow arthroplasty in the last 25 years: a systematic review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.055

A biomechanical study tested the Internal Joint Stabilizer (IJS) in cadaveric elbows with intact and disrupted lateral ulnar collateral ligaments (LUCL). The IJS significantly reduced varus angle deviations and LUCL strain, effectively restoring posterolateral rotatory stability when the LUCL was disrupted. This device shows promise as a potential adjunct or alternative for stabilizing elbow instability.

60. Frappa N, Dillon MR, Fuller SI, et al. Preoperative Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Adverse Outcomes After Total Elbow Arthroplasty: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.010

This propensity-matched analysis investigated the impact of preoperative proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use on adverse outcomes following total elbow arthroplasty using a large collaborative network. The study found that preoperative PPI exposure was associated with an increased risk of periprosthetic joint infection and other complications within specified follow-up periods. These results suggest that preoperative PPI use may be a modifiable risk factor for adverse outcomes in TEA, warranting careful perioperative management.

Distal Humerus Fractures and Hemiarthroplasty (6)

4. Hagos A, Ashton F, Murphy R, et al. Mid-term outcome of elbow hemiarthroplasty performed in a tertiary elbow hub. Shoulder & Elbow 2026. doi:10.1177/17585732261453537

This study evaluated medium-term clinical and radiological outcomes of elbow hemiarthroplasty performed in a high-volume tertiary hub for acute distal humerus fractures in elderly patients. The procedure demonstrated favorable functional outcomes with low complication and re-operation rates, supporting the centralization of this low-volume surgery to specialized centers. These results validate the hub-and-spoke model for managing complex elbow fractures in older, low-demand populations.

5. Ferry K, Pescatore SM, Somerson J. What is the incidence of total elbow arthroplasty after intra-articular versus extra-articular distal humerus open reduction and internal fixation?. Shoulder & Elbow 2026. doi:10.1177/17585732261451863

This propensity-matched study using the TriNetX database compared the incidence of total elbow arthroplasty following open reduction and internal fixation of intra-articular versus extra-articular distal humerus fractures. Intra-articular fractures were associated with a significantly higher long-term risk of conversion to total elbow arthroplasty compared to extra-articular fractures in older patients. These findings highlight the importance of fracture pattern in predicting long-term joint degeneration and potential need for arthroplasty.

13. Ibrahim JM, Darwiche SS, Li J, et al. Radiograph-Based Evaluation of Uncemented Humeral Hemiarthroplasty. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100983

Radiographic evaluation of a novel uncemented humeral hemiarthroplasty in cadaveric specimens showed that the implant accurately restores native elbow anatomy with minimal deviation. The study supports the potential of this intramedullary screw fixation technique to maintain proper joint alignment and biomechanics.

14. Gosselin C, Hao KA, Bonnevialle N, et al. Functional outcomes and complications of distal humerus hemiarthroplasty performed in acute versus salvage cases: a systematic meta-analysis. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101639

A systematic meta-analysis compared functional outcomes of distal humerus hemiarthroplasty performed acutely versus as salvage after failed osteosynthesis, finding comparable results between the two groups. This suggests that hemiarthroplasty is a viable option for both initial treatment and salvage scenarios in complex distal humerus fractures.

25. Shoda M, Yamazaki T, Matsuura Y, et al. Clinical outcomes of coronal shear fractures of the distal humerus associated with olecranon fractures. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100654

This multicenter case series evaluated clinical outcomes in eight patients with coronal shear fractures of the distal humerus associated with olecranon fractures treated via open reduction and internal fixation. The study found that while complications such as elbow release and ulnar neuropathy occurred, the approach allowed for assessment of functional recovery in this rare injury pattern. These findings suggest that open reduction and internal fixation is a viable treatment option, though surgeons must be vigilant for specific postoperative complications.

57. Xia X, Zha Y, Jiang X. Surgical treatment for posterior distal humeral shear fractures. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.003

This study evaluated the outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation for posterior distal humeral shear fractures in 13 patients, identifying valgus posterolateral rotation as the predominant injury mechanism. The findings demonstrate that lateral or combined approaches with various fixation methods yield satisfactory results, supporting these techniques as effective treatments for this rare fracture pattern. Clinically, this provides evidence-based guidance for surgical management and highlights the importance of addressing specific rotational injury mechanisms.

Nerve Pathology and Soft Tissue Injuries (10)

9. Bateman M, Bamford E, Johnson N, et al. Management of cubital tunnel syndrome – A survey of UK specialist clinical practice. Shoulder & Elbow 2026. doi:10.1177/17585732261446140

A survey of UK specialists revealed heterogeneous diagnostic criteria for cubital tunnel syndrome and a lack of routine night splint use prior to surgery. These findings highlight significant practice variation and underscore the need for a high-quality effectiveness trial to standardize conservative management.

10. Dondapati A, Rodenhouse A, Carroll TJ, et al. Noninvasive Assessment of the Ulnar Nerve in the Upper Extremity Using Machine Learning. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100953

Researchers developed a convolutional neural network to automatically segment and measure the ulnar nerve cross-sectional area from ultrasound images. The model demonstrated high accuracy in identifying the nerve, offering a potential noninvasive tool for diagnosing cubital tunnel syndrome.

11. Gullborg EJ, Jan K, Kim JH, et al. Incidence of Median and Ulnar Neuropathy Following Nonupper Extremity Surgery. Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.100972

This retrospective study found that 0.93% of patients developed carpal or cubital tunnel syndrome following nonupper extremity surgeries, with the highest incidence observed after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. The results suggest that postoperative upper-extremity neuropathy may be linked to perioperative systemic responses or patient-specific risk factors rather than direct surgical trauma.

19. Pokharel B, Fossati C, Bhattarai S, et al. Simple decompression vs. subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve: the 2025 update on the optimal treatment for cubital tunnel syndrome. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100630

This 2025 update systematically reviewed comparative studies to evaluate clinical outcomes, recurrence, and revision rates between simple decompression and subcutaneous anterior transposition for cubital tunnel syndrome. The analysis found no significant statistical difference in overall clinical outcomes, indicating both techniques remain valid treatment options.

27. Khawaja SR, Conn VA, Siracuse BL, et al. Allograft reconstruction of distal biceps ruptures: surgical technique and analysis of outcomes in chronic tears and failed repairs. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100661

This study retrospectively analyzed outcomes of allograft reconstruction for chronic distal biceps ruptures and failed repairs, detailing a reproducible surgical technique. The results indicate that allograft reconstruction can effectively bridge tendon gaps in atrophic or retracted tendons, offering a viable revision option. Clinically, this technique provides a structured approach to restoring function in challenging distal biceps injuries that are not amenable to primary repair.

31. Vandenberg CJ, Touhey DC, Brophy RH, et al. Distal triceps tendon rupture repair results in high return to sport rates for amateur and professional athletes: a systematic review. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100694

Précis unavailable.

34. Rodà D, Bardellini G, Martinelli F, et al. Steindler flexorplasty in the management of elbow flexion deficits due to musculocutaneous nerve palsy: medium and long-term outcomes in two cases. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100709

This case series reports on the medium- and long-term outcomes of Steindler flexorplasty for managing elbow flexion deficits caused by musculocutaneous nerve palsy. The results suggest that this procedure can effectively restore functional elbow flexion in patients with this specific nerve injury.

36. Zargarbashi R, Keshtkar A, Habibi Shekardasht G, et al. A preliminary report of lower trapezius muscle transfer for elbow extension in children with brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI). Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.10.007

This cohort study evaluated the efficacy of lower trapezius-to-triceps transfer for restoring elbow extension in children with brachial plexus birth injury. The intervention significantly improved muscle strength and active motion without compromising elbow flexion, indicating it is a promising surgical option.

50. Shah MM, Naik N, Patel T, et al. Elbow Block Test: A Clinical Sign of C7 Nerve Injury in Residual Brachial Plexus Birth Injury. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2026.02.004

The study evaluated the clinical significance of the elbow block test (EBT), where an extension splint improves shoulder abduction, in children with residual brachial plexus birth injury. A positive EBT was associated with preserved external rotation and higher rates of posterior shoulder capsular contracture, indicating specific C7 nerve involvement. This test helps identify distinct patterns of brachial plexus injury to guide targeted management strategies.

67. Dib A, Kammire M, Rieker M, et al. Age Is Not a Contraindication: Outcomes of Distal Biceps Tendon Repair in Elderly Patients. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.054

This retrospective cohort study compared surgical outcomes and complication rates of distal biceps tendon repair in patients aged 65 and older against a matched younger cohort. The elderly group demonstrated comparable major and minor complication rates and functional outcomes to younger patients. These results suggest that age alone should not preclude surgical repair for distal biceps tendon ruptures in active older adults.

Osteochondritis Dissecans and Arthroscopic Techniques (6)

2. Paul RW, Anton B, Casalino G, et al. Return to Sport After Surgical Treatment of Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions in Baseball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/03635465261443986

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared return-to-sport rates and clinical outcomes across various surgical procedures for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans in youth baseball players. The analysis found no significant difference in return-to-sport rates among debridement, fixation, grafting, and transplantation techniques, supporting the initial hypothesis. Clinicians can select surgical strategies based on lesion characteristics and surgeon expertise without compromising the likelihood of athletes returning to play.

6. Elze M, Gruber T, Geyer S, et al. Flexible arthroscopy improves anterior visualization of the capitellum compared with a conventional 30° arthroscope: a cadaveric study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2026. doi:10.1186/s13018-026-06940-y

This cadaveric study compared anterior visualization of the capitellum using a conventional 30° rigid arthroscope versus a flexible 15°–90° arthroscope. The flexible arthroscope allowed for significantly greater anterior visualization of the capitellar articular surface compared to the rigid scope. Incorporating flexible optics into elbow arthroscopy may improve the detection and assessment of anterior capitellar pathologies such as cartilage damage.

43. Steenbeek ED, van der Laan T, Booij R, et al. Interrater agreement for characterization of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans using photon-counting computed tomography technology. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101676

This study assessed interrater agreement for characterizing capitellar osteochondritis dissecans using novel photon-counting CT technology compared to conventional CT. While PCCT showed good agreement for key features like loose body count and lesion size, agreement for other characteristics was lower, indicating that while PCCT offers superior resolution, standardization of interpretation remains necessary.

47. Temporin K, Yamamoto Y, Miyoshi Y, et al. Predicting impinging osteophytes based on pre-operative simulation results to guide arthroscopic débridement for elbow osteoarthritis. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101667

The study utilized pre-operative CT simulations to predict the size and location of impinging osteophytes in elbow osteoarthritis, finding correlations between osteophyte size and range of motion limitations. This predictive modeling can guide arthroscopic débridement strategies, allowing surgeons to more precisely target osteophytes to improve postoperative mobility.

48. Desai AS, Hassebrock JD, Killian GO, et al. Osteochondral autograft transfer for capitellar osteochondritis dissecans in high-level adolescent athletes. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101680

This retrospective study evaluated long-term outcomes of osteochondral autograft transfer (OAT) for large capitellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions in adolescent athletes, demonstrating successful return to sport and improved functional scores. The findings support OAT as an effective surgical option for restoring function and enabling high-level athletic performance in this population.

52. Howse LS, Virani S, Syed L, et al. The Osborne-Cotterill Lesion: A Radiographic Analysis of Morphology & Clinical Impact. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.056

The authors analyzed 181 CT scans to quantify the incidence and morphology of Osborne-Cotterill lesions (OCLs) in acute elbow instability cases. OCLs were present in 66% of cases and were correlated with specific instability patterns and treatment outcomes. Understanding the anatomical characteristics of OCLs aids in surgical planning and prognostication for elbow instability.

1. Pennekamp A, Glaser JJ, Burgmann Hanßen A, et al. 3D motion analysis after surgical treatment of elbow flexor spasticity: a proof-of-concept study. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2026. doi:10.1177/17531934261445828

This proof-of-concept study evaluated the feasibility of combining three-dimensional motion analysis with surface electromyography to objectively assess outcomes after hyperselective neurectomy for elbow flexor spasticity. The instrumented protocol successfully detected significant postoperative reductions in spasticity and kinematic abnormalities, offering a more objective alternative to subjective clinical scales. This suggests that instrumented assessment could enhance the precision of postoperative evaluations in patients with upper motor neuron lesions.

3. Fischer C, Hückstädt M, Kobbe P, et al. Outcomes after contact and distance elbow arthrodesis: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2026. doi:10.1186/s12891-026-10026-5

This retrospective cohort study compared outcomes between contact and distance elbow arthrodesis techniques in adults undergoing this salvage procedure for non-reconstructible elbow conditions. Both methods achieved high rates of primary radiographic fusion with no significant differences in patient-reported outcome measures or functional scores at follow-up. These findings indicate that either technique is a viable option for elbow arthrodesis, allowing surgeons to choose based on specific anatomical defects and surgical preferences.

16. Lee J, Lee G, Jenkins CW, et al. Pre-operative soft tissue injuries as independent predictors of elbow stiffness after radial head fracture fixation: a pilot study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101652

A preliminary study on student baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament injuries found that shoelace repair with internal brace augmentation yielded favorable outcomes regardless of the presence of chronic avulsion bone fragments. All patients returned to play, indicating that this repair technique may expand surgical indications beyond traditional reconstruction criteria.

18. Ahmad A, Khorram R, Ghayyad K, et al. Postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prophylaxis for elbow heterotopic ossification: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing COX-2 selective and nonselective inhibitors. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100628

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the efficacy of COX-2 selective versus nonselective NSAIDs in preventing postoperative heterotopic ossification after elbow trauma surgery. The study found insufficient evidence to definitively determine superiority between the two drug classes, highlighting the need for further high-quality research.

20. Gonzalez-Morgado D, Hao KA, Halgas B, et al. Distal humerus allograft and double internal joint stabilizer reconstruction for chronic lateral humerus condyle nonunion with posterolateral instability: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100636

This case report details the successful use of a distal humerus allograft combined with a double internal joint stabilizer to treat a chronic lateral humerus condyle nonunion with posterolateral instability. The technique demonstrates a viable salvage option for complex elbow instability when standard fixation methods fail.

22. Khorram R, Ahmad A, Vafadar R, et al. Surgical treatment of post-traumatic elbow stiffness in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2025.100646

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared open versus arthroscopic arthrolysis for treating post-traumatic elbow stiffness in pediatric patients. The results indicated that open arthrolysis yields greater improvements in range of motion compared to the arthroscopic approach, though both methods improve functional scores.

28. Schuette HB, Tolson RA, Sears BW. Management of medial epicondyle nonunion with open reduction internal fixation and interposition distal clavicle autograft: a case report. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100671

Précis unavailable.

32. Traverso A, Vismara V, Cassin S, et al. Functional shape of the proximal radioulnar joint: anatomical characterization through Alpha and Beta Angles. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100695

Précis unavailable.

35. Monir JG, Vazquez FL, Gulzar M, et al. Suture tension band fixation of olecranon fractures: description and early outcomes of a novel technique. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques 2026. doi:10.1016/j.xrrt.2026.100707

The authors describe a novel suture tension band fixation technique for olecranon fractures and report its early clinical outcomes. This technical note highlights the method as a viable alternative for stabilizing olecranon fractures, though longer-term data are needed to confirm its efficacy.

37. Zwerus EL, Keijsers R, Colaris JW, et al. Clinical diagnosis of lateral-sided elbow pain: predictors for recognizing a diagnosis other than tennis elbow. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.10.006

This prospective study identified clinical predictors that help distinguish lateral elbow tendinopathy from other causes of lateral elbow pain. The findings suggest that nearly half of lateral elbow pain cases are misdiagnosed, highlighting the need for clinicians to consider alternative diagnoses based on specific patient characteristics and examination findings.

44. Uchida T, Sakata J, Suzuki T, et al. Scapulothoracic joint function and its association with throwing-related injuries in collegiate baseball pitchers: a prospective cohort study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101664

A prospective cohort study found that excessive scapulothoracic joint instability during resistance trials is associated with an increased risk of throwing-related injuries in collegiate baseball pitchers. These results suggest that screening for scapular stability could help identify pitchers at higher risk for injury, allowing for targeted preventive interventions.

46. Diez Sánchez B, Palacios-Díaz L, Sánchez-Urgellés P, et al. Hawkins Award 2025: clinical implications of radiological findings associated with radial head replacement. A long-term follow-up study. JSES International 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2026.101671

A long-term follow-up study correlated radiological findings with clinical outcomes after radial head replacement, revealing that technical errors like overstuffing were more prevalent in anatomic implants and associated with worse clinical scores. These results highlight the importance of precise implant selection and positioning to optimize long-term patient outcomes.

49. Ferlauto HR, Schroen CA, Nietsch KS, et al. Expanded Exposure of the Olecranon Osteotomy by Lateral Collateral Ligament Release. The Journal of Hand Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2025.04.023

Researchers quantified the additional exposure of the distal humerus articular surface provided by releasing the lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) during olecranon osteotomy in cadaver specimens. The study found that LUCL release significantly increases visualization of the capitellum and anterior trochlea. This technique offers a valuable surgical modification for achieving anatomic reduction in complex intra-articular distal humerus fractures.

58. Parsons KE, Shenoy DA, Henriquez AR, et al. Patient Portal Messaging in Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.002

This retrospective cohort study analyzed trends in patient portal messaging among shoulder and elbow surgery patients to assess associations between demographic factors and message volume. The results indicate that specific patient characteristics significantly influence the frequency of medical advice messages sent through the portal. These findings suggest that providers can anticipate higher communication workloads for certain patient subgroups, aiding in resource allocation and workflow management.

59. Brewer MW, Smith MR, Roylance JS, et al. Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Baseline PROMIS Categorization in Shoulder and Elbow Patients. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2026. doi:10.1177/23259671261440868

This cross-sectional study examined the association between clinical and demographic factors and baseline PROMIS Pain Interference and Physical Function categorizations in shoulder and elbow patients. The analysis revealed that sex, operative status, BMI, age, and injured body part are significantly associated with the severity of patient-reported outcomes. These insights help clinicians interpret baseline PROMIS scores more accurately by accounting for relevant patient-specific variables.

61. Sakata J, Matsuzawa K, Tsutsui T, et al. Static and Dynamic Internal Ulnar Rotational Stability in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.015

This cross-sectional study assessed the relationship between posterior oblique ligament (POL) morphology and ulnar internal rotational laxity in collegiate baseball pitchers. The findings indicate that abnormal POL morphology is associated with increased rotational laxity, which is partially mitigated by brachial flexor muscle contraction. This highlights the POL's role in rotational stability and suggests that dynamic muscle activation may compensate for structural laxity in pitchers.

66. Onor GI, Fellheimer H, Bagereka P, et al. The Epidemiology of Elbow Dislocation in the United States 2014-2023. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.04.051

This study analyzed National Electronic Injury Surveillance System data to determine the epidemiology of elbow dislocations in US emergency departments from 2014 to 2023. Sports and recreational activities were the leading cause, particularly among males under 40 years of age. The high incidence in young athletes suggests a need for targeted prevention strategies and awareness of sports-related mechanisms in this demographic.

68. Munemori M, Kodama A, Sumida Y, et al. Computed tomography analysis of osteophyte distribution in the throwing elbows of professional baseball players. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2026.05.012

This study utilized computed tomography to characterize osteophyte distribution in the throwing elbows of professional baseball players with posteromedial olecranon impingement. Osteophytes were most frequently located at the medial border of the trochlea and the medial aspect of the olecranon, with distribution varying by player age and position. Understanding these anatomical patterns aids in diagnosing throwing-related elbow pathology and guiding surgical interventions.

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