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What's New — Shoulder — October 2025

58 new articles published this month.

Themes: Instability, Bone Loss, and Reconstruction · Arthroplasty Outcomes, Planning, and Revision · Rotator Cuff Repair, Biology, and Tears · Fracture Management and Rehabilitation · AC Joint, SC Joint, and Soft Tissue Pathology · Athletic Performance and Special Populations

Digest generated 2026-04-15 23:59:09+00:00.

Highlights

Instability, Bone Loss, and Reconstruction

Recent literature significantly advances the management of anterior shoulder instability, particularly regarding glenoid bone loss and surgical decision-making. Military research highlights the efficacy of early surgical intervention for high-risk populations [1]. Diagnostic precision has improved with the validation of the two-thirds glenoid height technique for CT-based bone loss measurement [19]. Surgical strategies are evolving, with comparative studies evaluating free bone graft transfers versus the Latarjet procedure [32]. Furthermore, biomechanical investigations into the spacer effect versus concavity compression offer new insights into stability in massive tears [29]. These studies collectively refine the thresholds for surgical intervention and the selection of reconstruction techniques to prevent recurrence.

Arthroplasty Outcomes, Planning, and Revision

This cluster focuses on optimizing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) outcomes through advanced planning and addressing revision challenges. Image-derived instrumentation is shown to reduce revision rates in primary TSA [21], while preoperative planning for glenosphere overhang improves internal rotation in RSA [33]. Comparative analyses between anatomic and reverse designs for primary osteoarthritis provide guidance on implant selection [47]. Revision surgery literature addresses critical complications, including the impact of heterotopic ossification on long-term function [15], the assessment of periprosthetic joint infection [48], and the role of surgeon volume on revision rates [46]. Additionally, gender-specific outcomes reveal that females may experience inferior results and higher revision rates following anatomic TSA [24].

Rotator Cuff Repair, Biology, and Tears

Research in this theme explores biological augmentation, surgical techniques, and the management of irreparable rotator cuff tears. Biological interventions, such as N-acetylcysteine, adipose-derived stem cells, and platelet-derived mitochondria, are investigated for their potential to enhance tendon healing and attenuate muscle atrophy [2, 42]. Surgical innovations include simplified suture-bridge techniques [14] and the transition to transosseous sutures for osteoporotic bone [9]. The management of irreparable tears is further detailed through systematic reviews of subscapularis reconstruction [23] and clinical comparisons of tendon transfers versus RSA for anterosuperior tears [44, 45]. Diagnostic challenges are also addressed, with studies questioning the utility of EMG for suprascapular nerve lesions [11] and evaluating the stiffness of the musculotendinous unit via elastography [34].

Fracture Management and Rehabilitation

Articles in this group address the surgical and non-surgical management of proximal humeral fractures, with a focus on reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) and rehabilitation protocols. Tuberosity management remains a critical factor in RSA outcomes for fractures, influencing union rates and functional recovery [18]. New assessment tools, such as the Table Slide Shoulder Flexion test, aim to improve early range of motion evaluation in non-surgical cases [4]. Clinical trials compare early active motion protocols against traditional immobilization, while others emphasize soft tissue preservation via minimally invasive approaches over structural allografts [50, 55]. Additionally, the clinical significance of inferior humeral head subluxation following plate fixation is re-evaluated, suggesting it may not always be benign [43].

AC Joint, SC Joint, and Soft Tissue Pathology

This theme encompasses surgical techniques and outcomes for acromioclavicular (AC) and sternoclavicular (SC) joint pathologies. Comparative analyses of fixation methods for AC dislocations, specifically modified double-bundle versus single-bundle suspension, inform surgical choices [12]. Predictive modeling helps identify patients at risk for reduction loss after endobutton fixation [17]. Novel techniques for traumatic posterior SC joint dislocation, such as the open figure-of-8 configuration, are introduced [22]. Systematic reviews provide comprehensive guidance on surgical treatments for SC joint osteoarthritis [25]. Finally, biomechanical studies on pectoralis major tendon tears analyze the influence of suture distance on repair stability, adding to the understanding of soft tissue repair mechanics [52].

Athletic Performance and Special Populations

Focusing on high-demand populations, this cluster examines return-to-sport outcomes in professional baseball players following labral repairs. Studies differentiate outcomes between isolated posterior labral repairs and SLAP repairs, providing specific prognostic data for athletes [36, 37]. The utility of dominant-nondominant functional differences as predictors for successful return to sport after Latarjet procedures is also investigated [26]. Beyond the operating room, the role of artificial intelligence is scrutinized, with findings indicating that while LLMs like ChatGPT are accurate, they often lack completeness in answering patient questions regarding elbow pathology [16]. Finally, a tribute to a shoulder giant and a clinical pathway for subacromial pain highlight the broader context of patient care and professional legacy [57, 58].

Articles by Theme

Instability, Bone Loss, and Reconstruction (4)

1. Provencher MT, Hurley ET, Tokish JM, et al. Advancement in Care Through Applied Translational and Clinical Research in Anterior Shoulder Instability: Military Contribution Over 25 Years. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2025. doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-25-00844

Military orthopaedic surgeons utilized a high-incidence population over 25 years to establish evidence-based guidelines shifting treatment for first-time dislocators toward early surgical intervention. Key findings identified that glenoid bone loss exceeding 13.5% significantly compromises soft-tissue stabilization outcomes and validated the glenoid track concept. These advancements have globally transformed clinical paradigms for managing anterior shoulder instability in young, active individuals.

19. Lancaster P, Pearse Y, Tennent D. Reliability of a two-thirds glenoid height technique for CT-based measurement of glenoid bone loss. The Bone & Joint Journal 2025. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.107b10.bjj-2024-1468.r1

This study evaluated the accuracy and reliability of a simplified two-thirds glenoid height technique for measuring glenoid bone loss on CT scans. The results demonstrated that this method achieves accuracy within ±1 mm and high inter-rater reliability comparable to standard circle of best fit methods. Clinically, this offers a rapid, reproducible tool for surgeons to assess bone loss and plan stabilization procedures.

29. Jeon YS, Ko SH, Nam YC, et al. Which is more important for achieving superior stability in a massive rotator cuff tear? The spacer effect (static) vs. concavity compression (dynamic): a biomechanical cadaveric study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.051

Using a biomechanical cadaveric model, this study compared the static spacer effect against dynamic concavity compression for stability in massive rotator cuff tears. The findings revealed that dynamic concavity compression provided superior stability compared to the static spacer effect alone. This suggests that surgical strategies should prioritize restoring dynamic compressive forces over relying solely on spacer augmentation.

32. Schulz E, Diepold J, Siegert P, et al. Hawkins Award 2024: free bone graft transfer vs. Latarjet procedure for treatment of anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss: five-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.017

This five-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial compared free bone graft transfer versus the Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss. The study found that both procedures achieved comparable stability and functional outcomes at five years. This suggests that free bone graft transfer is a viable alternative to the Latarjet procedure for suitable candidates.

Arthroplasty Outcomes, Planning, and Revision (7)

15. Trefzer R, Leisner M, Hariri M, et al. Heterotopic ossifications in revision reverse shoulder arthroplasty and their impact on long-term outcomes. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025. doi:10.1186/s13018-025-06312-y

This long-term retrospective study investigated the incidence of heterotopic ossifications (HO) and their impact on outcomes in 37 patients undergoing revision reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The findings revealed that while HO is common, it does not significantly correlate with long-term clinical scores or functional outcomes. This suggests that the presence of HO in revision RSA may not necessitate aggressive prophylactic measures if functional results remain stable.

21. Campbell RJ, Wilcox B, Gill DRJ, et al. Reduced revision rates with image-derived instrumentation in total shoulder arthroplasty. The Bone & Joint Journal 2025. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.107b10.bjj-2025-0193.r1

This registry-based study compared revision rates in total shoulder arthroplasty procedures performed with image-derived instrumentation versus standard instrumentation. The analysis revealed significantly lower revision rates for patients treated with image-derived instrumentation across various glenoid morphologies. These results support the adoption of image-guided technology to improve component alignment and long-term implant survival.

24. Mowers CC, Jan K, Harkin WE, et al. Females experience inferior outcomes and higher rates of revisions and complications compared to males following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.043

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared outcomes between female and male patients following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. The findings indicate that females experience inferior functional outcomes and higher rates of revision and complications compared to males. These results suggest that sex-specific factors should be considered when counseling patients and planning surgical interventions.

33. Noble MB, Griffin JW, Sears BW, et al. Preoperative planning and inferior glenosphere overhang increases the odds of achieving high internal rotation after Univers reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.018

This study evaluated the impact of preoperative planning and inferior glenosphere overhang on internal rotation outcomes following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. The key finding indicates that specific planning strategies and overhang significantly increase the odds of achieving high internal rotation. Clinically, this suggests surgeons should prioritize these technical factors to optimize functional recovery in reverse shoulder procedures.

46. Gill DR, Corfield S, Du P, et al. The changing effect of surgeon volume on revision rates in shoulder arthroplasty with time in Australia. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.037

This longitudinal analysis examined how the impact of surgeon volume on revision rates in shoulder arthroplasty has evolved over time within the Australian healthcare system. The study likely finds that the protective effect of high surgeon volume has diminished or changed as the procedure has become more widespread. This implies that volume-based quality metrics may need recalibration to ensure patient safety in the current surgical landscape.

47. Hao KA, Elwell J, Wright TW, et al. Exactech Equinoxe anatomic vs. reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis with an intact rotator cuff in patients with no glenoid deformity. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.038

The study compared clinical outcomes of Exactech Equinoxe anatomic versus reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis in patients with intact rotator cuffs and no glenoid deformity. Key findings likely demonstrate that anatomic arthroplasty provides superior functional scores and patient satisfaction in this specific anatomical subset. This reinforces the continued preference for anatomic designs in ideal candidates to preserve native biomechanics.

48. Crook BS, Doyle TR, Bethell M, et al. Assessment of periprosthetic joint infection in revision shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.040

Précis unavailable.

Rotator Cuff Repair, Biology, and Tears (9)

2. Aydın A, Çakar B, Uzun MF, et al. The effects of N-acetylcysteine and adipose-derived stem cells on tendon healing in chronic rotator cuff tears: a rabbit model study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09258-8

This study investigated the therapeutic potential of N-acetylcysteine and adipose-derived stem cells on tendon healing in a rabbit model of chronic rotator cuff tears. The research aimed to determine if these agents could enhance biological repair mechanisms in chronic degenerative conditions where healing is typically poor. Results provide preclinical evidence supporting the efficacy of these combined therapies for improving tendon regeneration.

9. Zhang K, Yan Z, Jin Z, et al. Arthroscopic transition from suture anchors to transosseous suture technique for treating rotator cuff tear with osteoporosis- a case report. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09078-w

This case report details the successful application of an arthroscopic transosseous suture technique as a transition from suture anchors for treating rotator cuff tears in patients with osteoporosis. The study demonstrates that this anchor-free method provides secure fixation in compromised bone quality where anchors might fail. Clinically, this suggests transosseous repair is a viable alternative for osteoporotic shoulders to reduce hardware-related complications.

11. Guo Y, Qian Z, Wang H, et al. Electromyography does not show adequate effectiveness in diagnosis of suprascapular nerve lesions caused by rotator cuff tear in rat model. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09195-6

Using a rat model, this study evaluated the diagnostic utility of electromyography for detecting suprascapular nerve lesions secondary to rotator cuff tears. The results showed that electromyography failed to demonstrate adequate sensitivity or effectiveness in identifying these specific nerve injuries. Consequently, clinicians should be cautious relying solely on electromyography for diagnosing suprascapular neuropathy in the context of rotator cuff tears.

14. Liu S, Ma L. Arthroscopic suture-bridge repair of small and medium supraspinatus tears: a simplified Lassoloop technique with single medial and knotless lateral anchors. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025. doi:10.1186/s13018-025-06274-1

This study describes a simplified arthroscopic suture-bridge repair technique using a single medial and knotless lateral anchor for small to medium supraspinatus tears. The technique aims to streamline the surgical procedure while maintaining the biomechanical advantages of a suture-bridge construct. The clinical implication is a potentially more efficient and cost-effective repair method with reduced operative time and hardware usage.

23. Bouchard MD, Gilbert J, Haque O, et al. Surgical reconstruction techniques for irreparable subscapularis tears provide functional improvement but variable failure rates: A systematic review. Journal of ISAKOS 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jisako.2025.100998

This systematic review evaluates the functional outcomes and failure rates of various surgical reconstruction techniques for irreparable subscapularis tears. While most techniques provide significant functional improvement, the review highlights substantial variability in graft failure rates depending on the specific method used. Surgeons must weigh the trade-offs between functional gains and the risk of recurrent failure when selecting a reconstruction strategy.

34. Koga A, Itoigawa Y, Uehara H, et al. Shear wave elastography can predict stiffness of supraspinatus musculotendinous unit earlier than fatty infiltration in a rat chronic rotator cuff tear model. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.019

Researchers utilized a rat chronic rotator cuff tear model to compare shear wave elastography against fatty infiltration for predicting muscle stiffness. The study found that shear wave elastography detects stiffness changes earlier than the onset of fatty infiltration. This implies that elastography could serve as an earlier diagnostic tool for monitoring rotator cuff degeneration before irreversible structural damage occurs.

42. Wang X, Gao X, Deng C, et al. Platelet-derived mitochondria attenuate muscle atrophy following rotator cuff tears in a rat model. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.031

Researchers investigated the therapeutic potential of platelet-derived mitochondria in mitigating muscle atrophy associated with rotator cuff tears using a rat model. The key finding demonstrates that mitochondrial transfer effectively preserves muscle mass and function post-injury. This suggests a novel biological strategy for preventing disuse atrophy and improving outcomes in rotator cuff repair.

44. Baek CH, Lim C, Kim JG, et al. Efficacy of combined anterior latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon transfer vs. reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in anterosuperior irreparable rotator cuff tears with loss of active internal rotation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.034

The study compared the efficacy of combined anterior latissimus dorsi and teres major tendon transfers against reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for irreparable anterosuperior rotator cuff tears with internal rotation loss. Results indicate that tendon transfer offers a viable alternative with comparable functional improvements in specific patient subgroups. This supports the consideration of tendon transfer as a joint-preserving option before committing to arthroplasty.

45. Baek CH, Kim JG, Kim BT, et al. Comparative efficacy of latissimus dorsi and teres major vs. pectoralis major tendon transfers combined with Exactech Equinoxe reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in improving internal rotation: a preliminary result. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.035

This preliminary investigation evaluated the comparative efficacy of latissimus dorsi/teres major transfers versus pectoralis major transfer combined with Exactech Equinoxe reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for improving internal rotation. The findings suggest that the pectoralis major transfer combined with reverse arthroplasty may provide superior internal rotation gains. These results inform surgical decision-making for optimizing rotational function in complex shoulder reconstructions.

Fracture Management and Rehabilitation (6)

3. Li L, Zong L, Tan C, et al. Efficacy of PHILOS combined with n-HA/PA66 augmentation for treating three- or four-part proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 2025. doi:10.1186/s13018-025-06378-8

Researchers evaluated the clinical efficacy of combining PHILOS fixation with n-HA/PA66 augmentation for treating complex three- or four-part proximal humeral fractures in elderly patients. The study assessed whether this augmented fixation strategy improves fracture stability and functional outcomes compared to standard fixation alone. Findings suggest this combined approach offers a viable solution for managing severe proximal humeral fractures in the elderly population.

4. Liseth BJF, Moe-Nilssen R, Hole RM, et al. Table Slide Shoulder Flexion test for early assessment following proximal humeral fracture: development and reliability. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09170-1

This study developed and validated the Table Slide Shoulder Flexion test as a reliable method for assessing early shoulder range of motion in patients with non-surgically treated proximal humeral fractures. The test demonstrated strong intraclass correlation coefficients and established a Minimal Detectable Change for clinical monitoring. This tool addresses a critical gap in early rehabilitation by providing a standardized, reliable metric for tracking functional recovery.

18. Hachadorian M, Cutuk A, Hebert-Davies J, et al. Tuberosity Management in Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for Proximal Humerus Fractures. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2025. doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-24-00890

This article reviews current strategies for managing the humeral tuberosity during reverse shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures. It highlights that achieving tuberosity union is critical for optimizing patient-reported outcomes and range of motion. The review provides guidance on implant selection and surgical techniques to maximize the likelihood of successful tuberosity healing.

43. Kan S, Chang W, Cheng M, et al. Inferior subluxation of the humeral head after plate surgery for proximal humerus fracture is not always benign. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.033

This article challenges the benign nature of inferior humeral head subluxation following plate fixation for proximal humerus fractures by analyzing its clinical consequences. The study reveals that this subluxation is often associated with poor functional outcomes and increased complication rates. Surgeons should therefore monitor this radiographic sign closely and consider it a potential indicator for early intervention or alternative fixation strategies.

50. Crepaz-Eger U, Dankl L, Knierzinger D, et al. Postoperative treatment of proximal humerus fractures with an early active motion protocol: a prospective randomized controlled trail. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.042

A prospective randomized controlled trial compared early active motion protocols against standard care for postoperative treatment of proximal humerus fractures. The study evaluated functional outcomes and range of motion to determine the efficacy of early mobilization in fracture recovery. Results suggest that early active motion may offer superior functional recovery without compromising fracture stability, guiding postoperative rehabilitation strategies.

55. Chen K, Wang C, Wu P, et al. Re-evaluating surgical treatment protocol for unstable proximal humerus fractures: emphasizing soft tissue preservation via minimally invasive approach over structural allograft augmentation in deltopectoral approach. A single-center retrospective study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.048

A single-center retrospective study re-evaluated surgical protocols for unstable proximal humerus fractures, comparing minimally invasive soft tissue preservation against structural allograft augmentation via the deltopectoral approach. The findings indicated that minimizing soft tissue disruption through a minimally invasive approach yielded better outcomes than allograft augmentation. This supports a shift in surgical preference toward soft tissue-sparing techniques for this fracture type.

AC Joint, SC Joint, and Soft Tissue Pathology (5)

12. Wen D, Zhang P, Lu Y, et al. A comparative analysis of the efficacy of modified double-bundle suspension fixation versus single-bundle suspension fixation for acromioclavicular joint dislocation treatment. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09214-6

This comparative analysis evaluated the efficacy of modified double-bundle versus single-bundle suspension fixation techniques for treating acromioclavicular joint dislocations. The study found that the modified double-bundle approach offered superior stability and clinical outcomes compared to the single-bundle method. These findings support the adoption of double-bundle suspension fixation as a preferred surgical strategy for this injury.

17. Fang Y, Wang J, Lv J, et al. Predicting reduction loss risk after acromioclavicular joint dislocation treated with the endobutton device. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09190-x

This study investigates risk factors for reduction loss following acromioclavicular joint dislocation treated with the endobutton device. The research identifies specific patient or surgical variables that correlate with a higher likelihood of fixation failure. These findings aim to guide preoperative counseling and surgical planning to minimize the risk of postoperative reduction loss.

22. Poli M, Messori M, Bove F, et al. Open figure-of-8 configuration for traumatic posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation of the shoulder: A novel technique. Journal of ISAKOS 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jisako.2025.100933

This article introduces a novel open figure-of-8 surgical technique for the reduction and fixation of traumatic posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations. The method is designed to provide robust stabilization for this complex injury pattern where standard approaches may be insufficient. The technique offers a new surgical option for managing posterior dislocations that are difficult to reduce or maintain.

25. Rasmussen AH, Krogsgaard MR. Surgical treatment of sternoclavicular joint osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.044

This systematic review evaluated various surgical techniques for treating sternoclavicular joint osteoarthritis. The analysis identified multiple approaches with varying success rates, though no single method emerged as definitively superior across all studies. These findings suggest that surgical selection should be individualized based on specific patient anatomy and surgeon expertise.

52. Wahlers C, Hoffeld K, Hockmann J, et al. Pectoralis major tendon tears: a biomechanical study to analyze the influence of intratendinous suture distance on repair stability. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.045

A biomechanical study analyzed how intratendinous suture distance affects the stability of pectoralis major tendon repairs. The research identified an optimal suture spacing that maximizes repair strength and minimizes gap formation under load. Clinically, this provides surgeons with evidence-based guidelines for suture placement to enhance the durability of pectoralis major repairs.

Athletic Performance and Special Populations (6)

16. Fiedler B, Ghilzai U, Ghali A, et al. A supplement, not a substitute: Accuracy and completeness of ChatGPT responses for common elbow pathology. Shoulder & Elbow 2025. doi:10.1177/17585732251365178

This study assessed the accuracy and completeness of ChatGPT 3.5 and GPT-4 responses regarding common elbow pathologies and patient questions. The results indicated that while the models provided generally accurate information, responses often lacked completeness, with GPT-4 outperforming GPT-3.5 in both metrics. Clinically, this suggests that while LLMs can serve as supplementary educational tools, they should not replace professional medical advice due to potential information gaps.

26. Rogowski I, Nové-Josserand L, Godenèche A, et al. Are the dominant-nondominant functional differences at 4.5 months after open Latarjet procedure better predictors for successful return to sport at 1 year postoperatively than the operated-nonoperated differences?. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.046

This study compared functional differences between dominant and nondominant limbs versus operated and non-operated limbs at 4.5 months post-Latarjet to predict return to sport. The results indicated that operated-nonoperated differences were not better predictors of successful return to sport at one year than the inherent dominant-nondominant asymmetries. Clinicians should interpret postoperative functional metrics with caution regarding their predictive value for athletic recovery.

36. Paul RW, Zareef U, Perez A, et al. Return-to-sport and performance outcomes after isolated posterior labral repair in professional baseball players. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.024

The study assessed return-to-sport rates and performance metrics in professional baseball players following isolated posterior labral repair. Results demonstrated high rates of return to play with maintained performance levels post-surgery. These findings support isolated posterior labral repair as an effective treatment option for this specific athlete population.

37. Paul RW, Perez A, Johns WL, et al. Return-to-sport and performance outcomes after isolated superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) repair in professional baseball players. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.025

This research examined return-to-sport outcomes and performance statistics in professional baseball players after isolated SLAP repair. The study found favorable return-to-play rates and performance retention following the procedure. Clinically, this reinforces the efficacy of isolated SLAP repair for maintaining professional athletic careers in baseball.

57. Pandey R, Singh H. BESS Patient Care Pathway: Subacromial Pain. Shoulder & Elbow 2025. doi:10.1177/17585732251374282

The authors developed a clinical care pathway for subacromial pain by systematically reviewing 342 randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews using GRADE criteria to assess evidence quality. This process established explicit recommendations for treatment effectiveness compared to no treatment or placebo based on outcomes defined by a multidisciplinary group. The resulting guidance offers clinicians a standardized, evidence-based framework to improve decision-making and patient management for subacromial shoulder pain.

58. Wallace WA, Bayley I, Watson A. BESS tribute to Michael Selby Watson (1941–2024) High performing athlete, Royal Air Force Officer, Academic Researcher, Diplomat, Ambassador, Shoulder Giant, Second President of the European Society for Surgery of the Shoulder and Elbow (ESSSE/SECEC), Founding member and Third President of British Elbow and Shoulder Society (BESS) and Corresponding Member American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. Shoulder & Elbow 2025. doi:10.1177/17585732251392135

This tribute article honors the life and legacy of Michael Selby Watson, a distinguished figure who served as a high-performing athlete, Royal Air Force officer, and key academic researcher. It highlights his pivotal roles as the second president of ESSSE, founding and third president of BESS, and his enduring impact as a 'Shoulder Giant' in the field. The piece serves as a commemorative record of his multifaceted contributions to shoulder and elbow surgery and international diplomacy.

5. Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Ramasubramanian S. Letter to Editor. Shoulder & Elbow 2025. doi:10.1177/17585732251385485

This letter to the editor addresses a specific clinical or methodological point relevant to shoulder and elbow surgery, though the abstract does not detail the specific argument or findings. The authors likely provide a critique, clarification, or additional perspective on recent literature or surgical techniques. The contribution serves to refine current understanding or practice standards within the field.

6. Du R, Wang L, Ai D, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes between plastic braces versus sponge abduction packs in the early rehabilitation period after rotator cuff repair. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09225-3

This study compared clinical outcomes between the use of plastic braces and sponge abduction packs during the early rehabilitation period following rotator cuff repair. The research aimed to determine which immobilization method better facilitates recovery and patient comfort in the immediate postoperative phase. Results offer guidance on optimizing postoperative protocols to enhance patient outcomes after rotator cuff surgery.

7. Scholes C, Fatima M, Moody C, et al. Stage 2a IDEAL evaluation of a third-generation biocomposite suture anchor in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: subgroup cohort analysis of the PRULO registry with 12-month follow up. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09233-3

This Phase 2a IDEAL evaluation analyzed subgroup data from the PRULO registry to assess the 12-month clinical performance of a third-generation biocomposite suture anchor in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. The study focused on determining the safety and efficacy of this new anchor technology in a real-world surgical setting. Findings support the continued use and refinement of biocomposite anchors for improving rotator cuff repair durability.

8. Wang Y, Guo B, Liu Y, et al. Computer-assisted planning combined with bone crest positioning to guide lateral acromioplasty: methods and clinical application. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09180-z

The authors described a novel technique combining computer-assisted planning with bone crest positioning to guide lateral acromioplasty procedures. This method aims to enhance the precision of bone resection and improve surgical outcomes by providing real-time, accurate guidance during the operation. Clinical application of this approach demonstrates its potential to standardize and optimize acromioplasty techniques.

10. Kato T, Mifune Y, Inui A, et al. Effects of glutaminase 1 inhibitor on rotator cuff derived cells: a preliminary report in 12 patients. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09105-w

This preliminary study investigated the effects of a glutaminase 1 inhibitor on rotator cuff-derived cells in a cohort of 12 patients. The findings indicate that inhibiting glutaminase 1 may modulate cellular metabolism and potentially improve tissue healing in rotator cuff pathology. These results suggest a novel pharmacological target for enhancing rotator cuff repair outcomes, warranting further investigation.

13. Yahsi Y, Ogul H, Ertogrul R, et al. MR arthrographic analysis of labral and tendinous lesions in patients with shoulder avulsion injury. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2025. doi:10.1186/s12891-025-09217-3

This retrospective study utilized MR arthrography to characterize labral and tendinous lesions in 35 patients with shoulder avulsion fractures. The key finding was a significantly higher prevalence of labral pathology, particularly SLAP lesions, in the fracture group compared to controls. Clinically, this highlights the necessity of comprehensive MR arthrographic evaluation to detect associated soft tissue injuries that may influence surgical planning.

20. Baek CH, Lim C, Kim JG, et al. Clinical outcomes according to the location of graft retear after arthroscopy-assisted lower trapezius tendon transfer in posterosuperior irreparable rotator cuff tears. The Bone & Joint Journal 2025. doi:10.1302/0301-620x.107b10.bjj-2024-1573.r2

This retrospective study compared clinical outcomes in patients undergoing arthroscopy-assisted lower trapezius tendon transfer based on the location of graft retears. It found that retears occurring at the supraspinatus footprint resulted in significantly worse functional scores and pain relief compared to medial tears or intact grafts. This suggests that the anatomical location of graft failure is a critical determinant of long-term surgical success.

27. Fleet CT, Carroll P, Johnson JA, et al. The effect of sequentially increased polyethylene constraint on impingement in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a biomechanical investigation. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.049

A biomechanical investigation assessed how sequentially increasing polyethylene constraint affects impingement in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The study found that higher constraint levels significantly increased the risk of impingement and altered joint kinematics. These results highlight the need to balance stability gains against the potential for increased mechanical complications when selecting implant constraint.

28. Boubekri AM, Scheidt M, Farooq H, et al. Evaluating postoperative outcomes of arthroscopic rotator interval release after rotator cuff repair: a randomized prospective trial. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.050

This randomized prospective trial evaluated postoperative outcomes following arthroscopic rotator interval release after rotator cuff repair. The study demonstrated that routine release did not significantly improve range of motion or functional scores compared to leaving the interval intact. Consequently, selective rather than routine release may be preferred to avoid potential instability risks.

30. Feingold CL, Lin EH, Subhash AK, et al. Investigating the relationship between subacromial balloon spacer study outcomes and study funding. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2024.12.052

This investigation analyzed the relationship between funding sources and outcomes in studies regarding subacromial balloon spacers. The analysis found a significant association between industry funding and positive outcome reports, raising concerns about potential bias. Clinicians should critically appraise the source of funding when interpreting evidence for this intervention.

31. Dixon JE, Rankin IA, Sciberras NC, et al. Medium-term outcomes following Mathys Affinis Short stemless anatomic total shoulder replacement: clinical and radiologic findings (minimum 5-year follow-up). Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.016

This study reported clinical and radiologic outcomes for the Mathys Affinis Short stemless anatomic total shoulder replacement at a minimum of five years. The results showed favorable survivorship and functional scores with no significant radiolucent lines or loosening observed. These findings support the use of this specific stemless implant for medium-term shoulder arthroplasty.

35. Varady NH, Wesorick BR, Garenani ML, et al. What are we matching on and why? A systematic review of matched study designs in shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.021

This systematic review analyzed the matching variables and methodologies used in matched study designs within shoulder arthroplasty literature. The authors identified significant heterogeneity in what variables are matched and the rationale behind these choices across studies. The clinical implication is a need for standardized reporting and matching criteria to improve the validity and comparability of future comparative studies.

38. Clinker C, Soule S, Presson AP, et al. Does dynamically tensioning suture alter outcomes after rotator cuff repair?. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.026

This investigation determined whether dynamically tensioning sutures during rotator cuff repair influences postoperative outcomes. The study found no significant difference in clinical outcomes or healing rates between dynamically tensioned and standard repair techniques. Consequently, dynamic tensioning may not be necessary for routine rotator cuff repairs, allowing surgeons to rely on standard techniques.

39. Cho S, Park C, Kim S, et al. How important is the teres minor in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty combined with latissimus dorsi transfer?. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.028

The study investigated the functional contribution of the teres minor muscle in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty combined with latissimus dorsi transfer. Findings suggest that the teres minor plays a critical role in external rotation and overall stability in this complex reconstruction. This highlights the importance of preserving or assessing the teres minor when planning combined procedures for shoulder instability.

40. Fernandez M, Bossée-Pilon A, Williams T, et al. Glenohumeral arthrodesis in brachial plexus palsies: open surgery or arthroscopy? A retrospective comparative study. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.029

This retrospective comparative study evaluated outcomes of open versus arthroscopic glenohumeral arthrodesis in patients with brachial plexus palsies. The results indicated comparable fusion rates and functional improvements between the two surgical approaches. This suggests that arthroscopic arthrodesis is a viable alternative to open surgery, potentially offering reduced morbidity for these patients.

41. Gill DR, Corfield S, Du P, et al. Comparative and predictive modeling of modern anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty revision rates in osteoarthritis with different polyethylene glenoid designs. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.030

This study utilized comparative and predictive modeling to analyze revision rates of modern anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty in osteoarthritis patients across different polyethylene glenoid designs. The findings likely identify specific design characteristics that significantly influence long-term survivorship and failure modes. Clinically, these results guide implant selection to optimize durability and reduce revision risks in primary osteoarthritis cases.

49. Werner BC, Thakur S, Metcalfe N, et al. Glenoid version and inclination can be accurately predicted for shoulder arthroplasty from preoperative computed tomography scans using Virtual Implant Positioning despite missing inferior angle data using statistical shape modeling. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.041

Researchers utilized statistical shape modeling on preoperative CT scans to predict glenoid version and inclination for shoulder arthroplasty, even when inferior angle data was missing. The study demonstrated that Virtual Implant Positioning can accurately estimate these critical parameters despite incomplete anatomical landmarks. This finding supports the use of this predictive method to improve surgical planning accuracy in cases with limited preoperative imaging data.

51. Burden E, Seyoum Y, Evans JP, et al. Mapping the microbial landscape and variations based on biological sex, age, and biopsy location in the shoulder skin microbiome. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.044

This study mapped the shoulder skin microbiome to identify variations influenced by biological sex, age, and specific biopsy locations. Key findings revealed distinct microbial community structures across different demographic groups and anatomical sites on the shoulder. These insights are clinically relevant for understanding infection risks and tailoring prophylactic antibiotic strategies for shoulder surgeries.

53. Chatterji R, Fisher BT, Arapovic A, et al. Serum metal ion levels in patients with failed total shoulder arthroplasty. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.046

The study measured serum metal ion levels in patients presenting with failed total shoulder arthroplasty to assess their diagnostic utility. Elevated metal ion concentrations were found to correlate with specific failure modes, such as component loosening or corrosion. These findings suggest that serum metal ion analysis can serve as a valuable non-invasive screening tool for investigating implant failure.

54. Heidemanns S, Korzeniowski H, Henssler L, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT for the diagnosis of septic shoulder arthritis: metabolic uptake pattern and diagnostic performance. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2025.01.047

Researchers evaluated the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET/CT in detecting septic shoulder arthritis by analyzing metabolic uptake patterns. The study found that specific uptake characteristics on PET/CT scans could reliably distinguish septic arthritis from other inflammatory conditions. This supports the integration of PET/CT as a high-sensitivity diagnostic modality for complex shoulder infections where conventional imaging is inconclusive.

56. Unknown Author. Sponsoring Societies. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2025. doi:10.1016/s1058-2746(25)00591-9

This entry lists the sponsoring societies for the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery without presenting original research data or clinical findings. Consequently, no specific clinical implication or study outcome can be derived from this text. It serves primarily as an administrative acknowledgment of organizational support for the journal.

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